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2 Disputes of definition

There are at least five well-recognized ways to approach this subject:

• Philosophers sometimes call it the " science of morality" , but generally emphasize its non-empirical character.
• Theologians consider ethics a branch of theology, especially in Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and some Fundamentalist Protestant sects.
• Ethics is inseparable from economics in some theories, notably Marxism and social ecology, from feminism, and from gender in Queer studies. These views are said to represent workers, women, and sexual outcasts who have historically been degraded by traditional ethics.
• Professionals usually use or interpret "ethics" to refer to elements of professional practice that are part of dispute resolution or which have some great potential for: bodily harm, urban planning, medicine, law, politics and theories of civics.
• A fifth way derives from theories of nonviolence, pacifism, anarchism ,and secession as a route to peace.
• Sometimes, ethics is simply regarded as the de-escalation and mediation of conflicts.

2.1 The first social science

Assumptions about ethical underpinnings of human behaviour are reflected in every social science, including: economics because of its role in the distribution of scarce resources, in political science because of its role in allocating power, in sociology because of its roots in the dynamics of groups, in law because of its role in codifying ethical constructs like mercy and punishment, in criminology because of its role in rewarding ethical behaviour and discouraging unethical behaviour, in psychology because of its role in defining, understanding, and treating unethical behaviour.

However, hard science needs ethics too. It is also important in biology (as bioethics) and ecology (as environmental ethics).

As these fields become more complex, and deal with more situations, ethics, too, tends to become complex. But Schopenhauer stated that the first ethical principle was extremely simple and convincing: "Neminem laede; imo omnes, quantum potes, juva." (Do no harm to anyone, but give a helping hand to as many people as you can.)

2.2 Ethics vs. politics vs. religion vs. practice

Many questions in ethics are deeply concerned with the claiming of rights, especially when authority is present. The potential to invoke authority and force of arms lies heavy over all ethical decisions in all but an anarchy:

When balances between rights are considered, especially in public policy, ethics becomes politics. When religious concepts are considered to dominate over human conceptions of right and wrong, ethics are often presumed to derive from a moral code - usually divinely inspired or revealed. See Ethics in religion below.

Non-philosophers may wish to review the article simple view of ethics and morals, which deals with ethics in much simpler language. That article focuses on how people who make decisions see things, while this one focuses on how people who study decisions see things. The two are typically not the same, as much more doubt and deliberation is involved in coming to agreement about principles that are to apply for a long time, for a whole society or for mankind, and those who make decisions see things more simply.

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