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Although Adams lost in both the popular and electoral votes in the Presidential election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which to the surprise of many elected Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Adams served as President from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829, when Jackson, who defeated Adams in the latter's quest for re-election, was sworn in to replace him.
Rather than retire, Adams would go on to win election as a Democratic-Republican to the House of Representatives beginning with the 22nd Congress, serving from March 4, 1831, until his death. He was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (for the 22nd through 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses, respectively), the Committee on Indian Affairs (for the 27th Congress) and the Committee on Foreign Affairs (also for the 27th Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1834. In 1841, Adams represented the Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be returned to Spain, but returned home as free people.
Adam's son Charles Francis also pursued a career in politics.
Adams died of a stroke in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, Massachusetts and subsequently reinterred in the United First Parish Church.
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | John Quincy Adams | 1825–1829 |
| Vice President | John C. Calhoun | 1825–1829 |
| Secretary of State | Henry Clay | 1825–1829 |
| Secretary of the Treasury | Richard Rush | 1825–1829 |
| Secretary of War | James Barbour | 1825–1828 |
| Peter Porter | 1828–1829 | |
| Attorney General | William Wirt | 1825–1829 |
| Postmaster General | John McLean | 1825–1829 |
| Secretary of the Navy | Samuel Southard | 1825–1829 |
Adams appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: