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5 Placebo and pain

Studies on humans are revealing the neural mechanisms of placebo effects. Some of the best research is in the area of pain research. People can be conditioned to expect analgesia in certain situations. When those conditions are provided to the patient, the brain responds by generating a pattern of neural activity that produces objectively quantifiable analgesia.

6 References

6.1 General

• "The Placebo Prescription" by Margaret Talbot in The New York Times, January 9, 2000

6.2 Does the placebo effect exist

• "Placebo Effect Is More Myth Than Science, Study Says" by Gina Kolata in The New York Times, May 24, 2001

• "The Powerful Placebo" by H. K. Beecher in J. Am. Med. Assoc., volume 159(17), pages 1602-1606 (1955)

• "Is the Placebo Powerless?— An Analysis of Clinical Trials Comparing Placebo with No Treatment" by A. Hrobjartsson and P. C. Gotzsche in N. Engl. J. Med. volume 344(21), pages 1594-1602 (2001)

• "Is the placebo powerless? Update of a systematic review with 52 new randomized trials comparing placebo with no treatment" by A. Hrobjartsson and P. C. Gotzsche in J. Intern. Med. volume 256(2), pages 91-100 (2004)

6.3 Placebo and pain

• "Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain" by T. D. Wager et al. in Science volume 303, pages 1162-1167, 20 February 2004.

• "Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses" by F. Benedetti et al. in Journal of Neuroscience volume 23, pages 4315-4323, (2003).

7 Links

• "Placebo Effect: Harnessing Your Mind's Power To Heal" ScienceDaily, 2003-12-31

• "The Placebo Effect: Real or Imagined?" by Dana Desonie

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