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The players line up at the edge of their respective endzones, and the defensive team throws, or pulls, the disc to the offensive team to begin play. Pulls are normally long, hanging throws, giving the defense an opportunity to move up the field. Sometimes, though, a pull consists of a short throw intended to roll out of bounds upon hitting the ground.
The disc may be moved in any direction by completing a pass to a teammate. Players may not run with the disc, nor may they catch their own throws unless it has been touched in the air by an opponent.
Upon receiving the disc, a player has ten seconds to pass it. This period is known as the "stall", and each second is counted out by the defender (a stall count).
A point is scored every time the offense completes a pass into the defense's endzone. After a point, the team who just scored remains in that endzone and the opposing team returns to the opposite endzone and play is again initiated with a pull. In rare games following unofficial rules, points are also awarded for interceptions.
Whenever a pass is not completed, the disk changes possession; that is, the defense immediately becomes the offence. After a change of possession, the offense must throw the disk from where it first touched the ground, or where it first traveled out of bounds. Changes of possession do not cause a stoppage of play.
Common reasons for changes of possession include:
Play may stop for the following reasons:
A foul occurs with a player initiates contact with another player. When a foul disrupts possession, the play resumes as if the possession was retained. If the player committing the foul disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.
A violation occurs when a player violates the rules but does not initiate physical contact. Common violations include traveling with the disk, double teaming, stripping the disk away from a player who has possession, and picking, or moving in a manner so as to obstruct the movement of any player on the opposing team.
Play stops when a team calls a time out. The number of timeouts available for team is agreed upon by both teams at the beginning of the game.
Play stops whenever a player is seriously injured — this is considered an injury time-out.
Teams are allowed to substitute players after a point is scored or after an injury time out.
Players are responsible for their own foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes. Occasionally, official observers are used to aid players in refereeing (see below).
Some additional rules have been introduced which can optionally overlay the standard rules and allow for referees called observers (the X-Rules or Callahan Rules, named after Henry CallahanHenry Callahan (died 1982) was a player and ambassador of ultimate frisbee and helped bring the sport to the University of Oregon, formally establishing a team in 1978. In 1982 he was tragically killed during a robbery while he was working in Boulder, Col from the University of OregonThe University of Oregon (UO) is located in Eugene. The university was founded in 1876, graduating its first class (five students) two years later. The school colors are green and yellow. Former Oregon attorney general Dave Frohnmayer is the president of). An observer can only resolve a dispute if the players involved ask for his judgment. In some cases, observers have the power to make calls without being asked: e.g. line calls (to determine out of bounds or goals) and up/down calls (actively ruling if the disc has touched the ground before being caught). Misconduct fouls can also be given by an observer for violations such as aggressive taunting, fighting, cheating, etc., and are reminiscent of the Yellow/Red card system in soccer. As of 2003, misconduct fouls are extremely rare and their ramifications not well defined.
The introduction of observers is, in part, an attempt by the UPA to allow games to run more smoothly and become more spectator-friendly. Much of the ultimate community is split between two camps: those who hold the Spirit of the Game to be the very identity of ultimate and those who believe Spirit to be an excuse for lazy, non-competitive play. It should be noted that some of the differences between the UPA and the WFDF rules reflect a differing attitude to spirit.
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