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Main article: History of Uruguay
The first Europeans arrived in the area in the early 16th century. Both Spain and Portugal pursued the colonisation of the future Uruguay, with the Spanish eventually gaining the upper hand. The future capital Montevideo was founded in the early 18th century and became a rival to Buenos AiresBuenos Aires (BWEH-naus EYE-ress, meaning "Good Winds" in Spanish) is the capital of Argentina and its largest city and port, as well as one of the largest in South America. The city proper has a population of close to 3 million, while the Greater Buenos across the Rio de la Plata. Montevideo however, was thought of as a military center for the Spanish empire whereas Buenos Aires was a commercial center.
The early 19th centuryAlternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical ( 18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801- 1900. Events The Little Ice Age ended saw independence movements spring up all over South America, including Uruguay, then known as the Banda Oriental ("east bank"), with the territory contested between the nascent states of Brazil and Argentina. Brazil annexed the area in 1821Events February 23 The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. March 25 Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence. July 10 The United States takes possession of its ne, but a new revolt started August 25August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. Events 1537 The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. 1580th 1825Events January 4 King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies and is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies. February 9 After no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the United States House of Representatives elects John, after which Uruguay became an independent country with the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828.
European settlement gradually replaced the original population of Charruas Indians. In the latter part of the 19th century, Uruguay participated in the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay.
Uruguay then experienced a series of elected and appointed presidents and saw conflicts with neighboring states, political and economic fluctuations and modernisation, and large inflows of immigrants, mostly from Europe. The work of President Battle y Ordonez made Uruguay an advanced nation with a complex welfare system; for most of the 20th century Uruguay was on par with European nations. Due to its advanced social system and its stable democracy, Uruguay came to be known as "the Switzerland of America". Communist guerillas broke out in the late 1960 and a state of emergency was enacted by President Pacheco Areco in 1968. The guerillas, however, were soon controlled and did not present a threat when the military seized dictatorial control of the administration in 1973. Civilian rule did not return until 1985.
Main article: Politics of Uruguay
Uruguay's constitution of 1967 created a strong presidency, subject to legislative and judicial checks. The president, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, with the vice president elected on the same ticket. Thirteen cabinet ministers, appointed by the president, head executive departments.
The parliament is the bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General, which consists of a 30-member senate (Cámara de Senadores), presided over by the vice president of the republic, and a 99-member Chamber of Representatives (Cámara de Representantes). Members for both houses are elected by popular vote for a five-year term.
The highest court is the Supreme Court; below it are appellate and lower courts and justices of the peace. In addition, there are electoral and administrative ("contentious") courts, an accounts court, and a military justice system.
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