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4.2 Prefixes

This reduces the number of root forms to be learned. However, the prefix mal- almost always occurs in an unstressed position (such as the words above), which can lead to many similar-sounding words with opposite meanings. Despite this problem, Esperanto is sometimes presented as a solution to the many airplane crashes which arise due to misunderstandings of English.

ge- is clasically used only with plurals, as in the examples above. The use of ge- in the singular to mean "of unspecified gender", e.g. gepatro = parent or geedzo = spouse, is not yet universally accepted.

4.3 Participles

Participles, like tenses use the vowels i, a and o to indicate past, present and future time, respectively. Example: esperinto=former hoper. Passive participles are formed like active participle, except the n is omitted (infixes -it-, -at-, -ot-).

5 Numbers

5.1 Integers

• 1: unu
• 2: du
• 3: tri
• 4: kvar
• 5: kvin
• 6: ses
• 7: sep
• 8: ok
• 9: nau
• 10: dek
• 11: dekunu
• 20: dudek
• 100: cent
• 1,000: mil
• 1,000,000: miliono

As in English, there exist multiple systems for writing numbers above 1,000 in Esperanto. (A British "billion" and a US "billion" are different.) Using one system:

• 10⁶: iliono
• 10⁹: iliardo
• 10¹²: duiliono
• 10¹⁵: duiliardo
• 10¹⁸: triiliono
• 10²¹: triilardo

5.2 Ordinals

Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the adjective -a ending:

• first: unua
• second: dua
• third: tria
• fourth: kvara
• fifth: kvina

5.3 Fractions

• one half (½): duono
• one quarter (¼): kvarono
• three quarters (¾): tri kvaronoj

5.4 Multiples

• double: duobla
• triple: triobla
• quadruple: kvarobla
• quintuple: kvinobla

5.5 File

• one at a time: unuope
• by twos: duope

6 Grammar examples

The -ant- suffix in the above examples indicates present active participle.

7 Comparisons

pli means more, and plej means most. Derived using the mal- prefix, malpli means less, and malplej means least. Phrases like "The more people, the smaller the portions." and "All the better!" are translated using ju and des in place of the: "Ju pli da homoj, des malpli grandaj la porcioj.", and "Des pli bona!".

8 See also

• Esperanto orthography
• Esperanto pronunciation

9 External links

A fairly good overview of Esperanto's grammar and word-building system can be gained by viewing "The Sixteen Rules of Esperanto", "The Esperanto Correlatives" and "Word Building With Esperanto Affixes"

Also see Jiri Hana's Master thesis overview of Esperanto:

• "Esperanto Grammar"

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EsperantoEsperanto is a planned ( constructed) international auxiliary language. The name derives from the pseudonym (Dr. Esperanto) under which L. Zamenhof published the language in 1887. See Esperanto history. His intention was to create an easy-to-learn languag Esperanto historyIn 1878, L. Zamenhof considered a revival of Latin to be the solution for the language problem, but after learning it he realized it was obsolete and too difficult for the task. When he learned English, he noted that verb conjugations were unnecessary for Esperanto grammarEsperanto is an agglutinative language which has no grammatical genders and limited, regular verb conjugation. Nouns and adjectives have two cases, nominative and accusative, and two numbers, singular and plural; and nouns and adjectives must agree in cas Esperanto cultureThe language Esperanto is often used to access an international culture. There are over 25,000 Esperanto books (originals and translations) as well as over a hundred regularly distributed Esperanto magazines. Many Esperanto speakers use the language for f Esperanto flagThe Esperanto flag is composed of a green background with a white square in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. The green field symbolizes hope, the white symbolizes peace and neutrality, and the five-pointed star represents th Esperanto libraryThe following Esperanto libraries and collections of works in the Esperanto language are worthy of note: The Montagu Butler Library of Esperanto materials, maintained by the British Esperanto Association, whose collection of 30,000 items is often quoted. Esperanto Pen Pal Service Esperanto orthography Esperanto Association of Britain Esperanto music Esperanto literature Esperanto pronunciation Esperanto film Esperanto as an international language Esperanto (car)