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Home > Logical fallacy

3 A list of fallacies

Please note that this list is not exhaustive.

• Ad hominem (also called argumentum ad hominem or personal attack) Including:
  • ad hominem abusive (also called argumentum ad personam)
  • ad hominem circumstantial (also called ad hominem circumstantiae)
  • ad hominem tu quoque (also called you too argument)
• Amphibology (also called amphiboly)
• Appeal to authority (also called argumentum ad verecundiam or argument by authority)
• Appeal to belief
• Appeal to consequences (also called argumentum ad consequentiae)
• Appeal to emotion including:
  • Appeal to fear (also called argumentum ad metum or argumentum in terrorem)
  • Appeal to flattery
  • Appeal to the majority (also called argumentum ad populum)
  • Appeal to pity (also called argumentum ad misericordiam)
  • Appeal to ridicule
  • Appeal to spite (also called argumentum ad odium)
  • Two wrongs make a right
  • Wishful thinking
• Appeal to motive
• Appeal to novelty (also called argumentum ad novitatem)
• Appeal to probability
• Appeal to tradition (also called argumentum ad antiquitatem or appeal to common practice)
• Argument from fallacy
• Argument from ignorance (also called argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination)
• Argument from silence (also called argumentum ex silentio)
• Argumentum ad baculum (also called appeal to force)
• Argumentum ad crumenam (also called appeal to wealth)
• Argumentum ad lazarum (also called appeal to poverty)
• Argumentum ad nauseam (also called argument from repetition)
• Base rate fallacy
• Bandwagon fallacy (also called appeal to popularity, appeal to the people, or argumentum ad populum)
• Begging the question (also called petitio principii, circular argument or circular reasoning)
• Conjunction fallacy
• Correlative based fallacies including:
  • Fallacy of many questions (also called complex question, loaded question or plurium interrogationum)
  • False dilemma (also called false dichotomy or bifurcation)
  • Denying the correlative
  • Suppressed correlative
• Dicto simpliciter, including:
  • Accident (also called a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid)
  • Converse accident (also called a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter)
• Equivocation
• False analogy
• Fallacies of distribution:
  • Composition
  • Division
• Faulty generalization including:
  • Biased sample
  • Hasty generalization (also called fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction, secundum quid)
  • Overwhelming exception
  • Statistical special pleading
• Gambler's fallacy/ Inverse gambler's fallacy
• Genetic fallacy
• Guilt by association / Honor by association
• Historian's fallacy
• Homunculus fallacy
• Ignoratio elenchi (also called irrelevant conclusion)
• Inappropriate interpretations or applications of statistics including:
  • Biased sample
  • Correlation implies causation
  • Gambler's fallacy
  • Prosecutor's fallacy
• Invalid proof
• Lump of labour fallacy
• Meaningless statement
• Middle ground (also called argumentum ad temperantiam)
• Misleading vividness
• Naturalistic fallacy
• Negative proof
• Non sequitur including:
  • Affirming the consequent
  • Denying the antecedent
• No true Scotsman
• Package deal fallacy
• Pathetic fallacy
• Perfect solution fallacy
• Poisoning the well
• Questionable cause including:
  • Correlation implies causation (also called cum hoc ergo propter hoc)
  • Fallacy of the single cause
  • Joint effect
  • Post hoc (also called post hoc ergo propter hoc)
  • Regression fallacy
  • Texas sharpshooter fallacy
  • Wrong direction
• Red herring
• Reification (also called hypostatization)
• Relativist fallacy (also called subjectivist fallacy)
• Shifting the Burden of proof
• Slippery slope
• Special pleading
• Straw man
• Style over substance fallacy
• Syllogistic fallacies, including:
  • Affirming a disjunct
  • Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
  • Existential fallacy
  • Fallacy of exclusive premises
  • Fallacy of four terms (also called quaternio terminorum)
  • Fallacy of the undistributed middle
  • Illicit major
  • Illicit minor

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Topics: Logical Fallacy Argument Called Appeal Argumentum Fallacies...

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Fallacy of many questionsTrivial objections Many questions also known as complex question loaded question or plurium interrogationum ( Latin, "of many questions"), is a logical fallacy. It is committed when someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been prov Fallacy of the four termsThe fallacy of four terms also known as quaternio terminorum is a formal fallacy that is committed in a categorical syllogism that has four terms. Example: All humans are alive, animals are mammals, therefore all humans are mammals''. Fallacy of the undistributed middleThe fallacy of the undistributed middle is a logical fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism isn't distributed. For example: All students carry backpacks. My grandfather carries a backpack. Therefore, my grandfather is a Fallacy of divisionA fallacy of division occurs when someone reasons logically that something that is true of a thing must also be true of its constituents. For example, an airplane may fly across the ocean, but it is illogical to believe one of its jet engines could fly ac Fallacy of compositionA fallacy of composition arises when one claims the whole is true because its part is true. For example, my Korean friend is smart therefore all of Korean people are smart this is a fallacy. In Keynesian macroeconomics, the "paradox of thrift" is an examp Fallacy of the single causeThe fallacy of the single cause also known as joint effect or causal oversimplification is a logical fallacy of causation that occurs when it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of o Fallacy of the accident Fallacy of four terms Fallacy of distribution Fallacy of exclusive premises