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4.2 The Northwest: Black Hawk War
Without support from their British allies, the Native Americans of the Ohio Valley and Northwest region were pushed west of the Mississippi River by the federal government through a series of imposed treaties. The major resistance to relocation in this region was the Black Hawk War in 1832. However, the combined forces of Sauk and Fox tribes failed to prevent the land from United States annexation. The Battle of Bad Axe marked the end of the Black Hawk War after the Native Americans were crushed by Colonel Zachary Taylor's forces.
5 Territorial expansion in the 19th century
5.1 To be incorporated
6 Later events ( 1860- 1891)
- Apache and Navajo Wars (1861-1886) After Col. Christopher "Kit" Carson kills or relocates many Apache to reservations in 1862, skirmishes between the U.S. and Apaches continue until 1886, when Geronimo surrenders.
- Red Cloud's War (1866 - 1868) Lakota chief Makhpyia luta (Red Cloud) conducts the most successful war against the U.S. during the Indian Wars. By the Fort Laramie Treaty , the U.S. granted a large reservation to the Lakota, without military presence or oversight, no settlements, and no reserved road building rights. The reservation included the entire Black Hills.
- Sand Creek Massacre -- John Chivington kills almost 150 surrendered Cheyenne and Arapaho Indnians
- Modoc War - ( 1872 - 1873) - 53 Modoc warriors under Captain Jack hold off 1000 men of the U.S. Army for 7 months. Major General Edward Canby was killed during a peace confrence, becoming the only general to be killed during the Indian Wars.
- Red River War (1874-1875) between Comanche and U.S. forces under the command of William Sherman and Lt. Gen. Phillip Sheridan
- Black Hills War (1876 - 1877) - Lakota under Tatanka Iyotake (Sitting Bull) and Tasunka witko (Crazy Horse) fight the U.S. after repeated violations of the Fort Laramie Treaty.
- Massacre of Wounded Knee ( December 28, 1890) Tatanka Iyotake and some 200 Sioux are killed by the U.S. 7th Cavalry .
