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See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement
After the September 11 terrorist attacks, the immediate, worldwide reaction was widely described as "shock". [1], [2] [3] No national government claimed connection to the attacks and the governments most associated with Islamism sought to distance themselves from the attacks. [4] [5][6] On the left, condemnation of the attacks was equally general, although often including (even in the days immediately after the attack) condemnation of ostensibly related aspects of U.S. policies [7] [8] [9] U.S. elected officials generally identified as being on the left also joined in strongly condemning the attacks, without even choosing to point out a context. [10] Three days after the attacks, Congress passed a resolution authorizing President Bush to use force against "those responsible". The Senate voted 98-0, the House 420-1, with only Barbara Lee (D-California) dissenting. [11], [12]
See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement (section)
Within days of the September 11 events, it was widely (though not universally) agreed that the attacks were carried out by al-Qaida. Many Muslims though less so among Muslims in the U.S. [13] [14], along with a small segment of the left placed the blame elsewhere. A much larger minority of the left concurred with the clear majority of Muslims that a military attack on Afghanistan was not the correct answer to the September 11 events, a view even more widespread with respect to the later attack on Iraq.
Within weeks, it became clear that Bush intended a set of changes to U.S. criminal law and immigration law and an invasion of Afghanistan. The left was somewhat fragmented with respect to the invasion of Afghanistan. [15] [16] [17] Nonetheless, an international anti-war movement began to arise; in the U.S. and other countries whose governments enacted legislation analogous to the PATRIOT Act, it was equally a movement in protest of what were perceived on the left to be assaults on civil liberties and immigrant rights.
Most prominent in this loose coalition were leftists; pacifists and others with longtime associations with global peace movements; and Arabs and Muslims, including, but by no means limited to, Islamists. The predominant arguments against the Afghanistan invasion and the subsequent invasion of Iraq were on the grounds of pacifism, international law, opposition to perceived U.S. imperialism; disbelief in the sincerity of the U.S.'s stated war aims, belief that the wars were motivated by neocolonialism and petroleum politics; that war would bring unnecessary suffering on the people of Afghanistan and that it was not the most effective way to dislodge or isolate al-Qaida; and, in a few cases, denial of al-Qaida's responsibility for the September 11 attacks.
Many Islamists and Arabs, and a few leftists, saw the military campaigns as battles in a religious war -- a crusade -- against Islam. This was the obverse of the ideas expressed, for example, by Samuel P. Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
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