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5 Semiconductor lasers

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Semiconductor laser diode	wavelength depends on device material: 0.4 μm (GaN) or 0.63-1.55 μm (AlGaAs) or 3-20 μm (lead salt)	Electrical current	Telecommunications, holography, laser pointer s, printing, pump sources for other lasers. The 780 nm AlGaAs laser diode, used in compact disc players, is the most common type of laser in the world.

6 Other types of lasers

Free electron laser	there exist free electron lasers over a broad wavelength range (about 100 nm - several mm); a single free electron laser may be tunable over a certain wavelength range	relativistic electron beam	atmospheric research, material science, medical applications, missile defense
" Nickel-like" Samarium laser	X-rays at 7.3 nm wavelength	Lasing in ultra-hot samarium plasma which was formed by double pulse terawatt scale irradiation fluences created by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's Nd:glass VULCAN laser. [1]	First demonstration of efficient "saturated" operation of a sub-10 nm X-ray laser, possible applications in high resolution microscopy and holography, operation is close to the "water window" at 2.2 to 4.4 nm where observation of DNA structure and the action of viruses and drugs on cells can be examined.

See also: laser construction.

Lasers

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