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7 Carbon chains

It´s the atomic structure of hydrocarbons in which a series of carbon atoms, saturated by hydrogen atoms, form a chain. Volatile oils have shorter chains. Fats have longer chain lengths, and waxes have extremely long chains.

8 Carbon cycle

The continuous process of combining and releasing carbon and oxygen thereby storing and emitting heat and energy. Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism. See carbon cycle.

9 Isotopes

Carbon has two stable, naturally-occurring isotopes: Carbon-12, or C-12, (98.89%) and Carbon-13, or C-13, (1.11%), and one unstable, naturally-occurring, radioisotope, Carbon-14 or C-14.

Ratios of these isotopes are reported in ? relative to the standard VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite from the Peedee Formation of South Carolina). The dC-13 of the atmosphere is -7?. During photosynthesis, the carbon that becomes fixed in plant tissue is significantly depleted in C-13 relative to the atmosphere.

There is two mode distribution in the dC-13 values of terrestrial plants resulting from differences in the photosynthetic reaction used by the plant. Most terrestrial plants are C3 pathway plant s and have dC-13 values range from -24 to -34?. A second category of plants ( C4 pathway plants ), composed of aquatic plants, desert plants, salt marsh plants, and tropical grasses, have dC-13 values that range from -6 to -19. An intermediate group ( CAM plant s) composed of algae and lichens has dC-13 values range from -12 to -23?. The dC-13 of plants and organisms can provide useful information about sources of nutrients and food web relations.

In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights.

10 Precautions

Compounds of carbon have a wide range of toxic action. Carbon monoxide (C O), which is present in the exhaust of combustion engines, and cyanide (CN^-), which is sometimes in mining pollution, are extremely toxic to mammals. Many other carbon compounds are not toxic and are in fact absolutely essential for life. Organic gases such as ethene (CH₂=CH₂), ethyne (HCCH), and methane (CH₄) are dangerously explosive and flammable when mixed with air.

11 External links

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Carbon
• Nature articleNature article
• WebElements.com – Carbon
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Carbon
• It's Elemental – Carbon
• – Carbon Fullerene and other Allotropes models by Vincent Herr
• Extensive Carbon page at asu.edu
• #REDIRECT Dictionary

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Topics: Carbon Form Graphite Compounds Plants Structure Forms Diamond...

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CarbonAlternative meaning: Carbon (computing Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent element, carbon has several allotropic forms: diamonds (hardest known mineral). Bindi Carbon nanotubeCarbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with properties that make them potentially useful in extremely small scale electronic and mechanical applications. They exhibit unusual strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conducto CarboniferousThe Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period (about 280 million years before the present (BP)) to the beginning of the Permian period (about 340 million Years BP). As with most older geol Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. One of the best known of chemical compounds, it is frequently called by its formula: :CO (pronunciation: "see oh two") Carbon dioxide results from the combustion of organic CarbonateCarbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO2-. An aqueous solution of carbon dioxide contains a minute amount of HCO, called carbonic acid, which dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. It would be a fairly stron Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide chemical formula C O, is a colourless, odourless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. Sources Carbon monoxide has many common sources. The exhaust of Carbon chauvinism Carbon cycle Carbonic acid Carbon (computing) Carbondale Carbon County Carbon County, Utah Carbon tax Carbon County, Wyoming