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7.2 AI researchers

There are many thousands of AI researchers around the world at hundreds of research institutions and companies. Among the many who have made significant contributions are:

• Maggie Boden
• Rodney Brooks
• Boris Katz
• Doug Lenat
• John McCarthy
• Marvin Minsky
• Raj Reddy
• Roger Schank
• Alan Turing
• Wolfgang Wahlster
• Terry Winograd

To some computer scientists, the phrase artificial intelligence has acquired somewhat of a bad name due to the large discrepancy between what has been achieved so far in the field and some more usual notions of intelligence. This problem has been aggravated by various popular science writers and media personalities such as Kevin Warwick whose work has raised the expectations of AI research far beyond its current capabilities. For this reason, some researchers working on topics related to artificial intelligence say they work in cognitive science, informatics, statistical inference or information engineering. However, progress has in fact been made, and AI is today routinely employed in thousands of industrial systems around the world. See Raj Reddy's AAAI paper for a huge review of real-world AI systems in deployment today.

8 Resources

8.1 Further reading

8.1.1 Non-fiction

• by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig BooksEnthsiast.com
• Gödel, Escher, Bach : An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas R. Hofstadter
• Shadows of the Mind and The Emperor's New Mind by Roger Penrose
• Consciousness Explained by Dennett.
• The Age of Spiritual Machines by Ray Kurzweil
• Understanding Understanding: Essays on Cybernetics and Cognition by Heinz von Foerster
• In the Image of the Brain: Breaking the Barrier Between Human Mind and Intelligent Machines by Jim Jubak
• Today's Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future by Hans Moravec, Stanford University

8.1.2 Fiction

The following is a list of influential works See also longer lists at:-

• List of fictional robots and androids:
• List of fictional computers:

• HAL 9000 in 2001 A Space Odyssey
• HARLIE in When H.A.R.L.I.E. was One by David Gerrold
• Artificial intelligence - mainly its philosophical implications and its impact on Humanity -- is a major theme in David Lodge's campus novel Thinks ... (2001).
• The Moon is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein
• William Gibson's Neuromancer
• Isaac Asimov's I, Robot series, introducing the famous Three Laws of Robotics, is often considered to be the most accurate fictional depiction of AI

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