9 History of concept
The concept of ideas spreading by genetic rules predates the coining of the term; for example, William S. Burroughs asserted that "Language is a virus".
John Laurent in The Journal of Mimetics even suggested that the term meme itself may have come from the work of a little-known German biologist named Richard Semon . In 1904 Semon published Die Mneme (published in English as The Mneme in 1924). His book discussed the cultural transmission of experiences with insights parallel to those of Dawkins. Laurent found the use of the term mneme in The Soul of the White Ant (1927) by Maurice Maeterlinck and highlights its parallels to Dawkin's concept:
Now, the actual phrase that Maeterlinck uses - where he is discussing various theories which attempt to explain `memory' in termites as well as the other `social' insects (ants, bees etc.) - is "engrammata upon the individual mneme" (Maeterlinck, 1927, p.198), and according to my dictionary (Webster's Collegiate), an engram is "a memory trace; specif.: a protoplasmic change in neural tissue hypothesized to account for persistence of memory." For what it is worth, Maeterlinck explains that he obtained his phrase from the "German philosopher" Richard Semon.[2]
Laurent suggests that the etymological roots of the term meme may come from mimneskesthai, the Greek term for memory rather than the more commonly accepted root of mimeisthai, or to imitate.
Everett Rogers pioneered Diffusion of innovations theory, explaining how and why people adopt new ideas. Rogers was influenced by Gabriel Tarde, who set out "laws of imitation" that explained how people decided whether to imitate behaviour.
10 References
- The Meme Machine by Susan Blackmore, Oxford University Press, 1999, hardcover BooksEnthsiast.com, trade paperback BooksEnthsiast.com, May 2000, BooksEnthsiast.com
- The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976, 2nd edition, December 1989, hardcover, 352 pages, BooksEnthsiast.com; April 1992, BooksEnthsiast.com; trade paperback, September 1990, 352 pages, BooksEnthsiast.com
- Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, Basic Books, 1999, BooksEnthsiast.com
- Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by Richard Brodie, Integral Pr, September 1995, 251 Pages, BooksEnthsiast.com
- The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition into the Forces of History by Howard Bloom, Atlantic Monthly Press, February 1997, 480 pages, BooksEnthsiast.com
- The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think by Robert Aunger , Free Press, 2002, hardcover BooksEnthsiast.com
- Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson, Bantam Doubleday Dell, reprint, 2000, trade paperback: 440 pages, BooksEnthsiast.com (science fiction novel about a metavirus which can penetrate and take over any information system, and thus can spread as gene, meme, or biological virus)
- The Ideology of Cybernetic Totalist Intellectuals an essay by Jaron Lanier which is very strongly critical of " meme totalists " who assert memes over bodies.
- The Music of Life, Pir Hazrat Inayat Khan , Omega Uniform Edition, 2nd edition, 1993, trade paperback: 353 pages, BooksEnthsiast.com. An introduction to the muwakkals, the Eastern memes.
- Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
- Principia Cybernetica holds a lexicon of memetics concepts, comprising a list of different types of memes.
- A list of memetics publications on the web
- Cultural Selection by Agner Fog. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1999. BooksEnthsiast.com.
- The Masculist Meme by Alan Carr. Lulu Publishing, Content .58184 Examines political correctness as a mind virus.
- Memeiosis by Steven Ericsson-Zenith - a formal characterization of Memes.
- Culture as Complex Adaptive System by Hokky Situngkir - formal interplays between memetics and cultural analysis.
- "Eyes at the back of your head: How Richard Semon's memes gave way to Richard Dawkins's memes" by Tim Flannery , Times Literary Supplement, October 19, 2001.