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5.2 The Somme and Passchendaele

Both the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Passchendaele (1917) also on the Western Front resulted in enormous loss of life on both sides but minimal progress in the war. It is interesting to note that, when the British attacked on the first day of the battle of the Somme, and lost massive numbers of men to a continuous hail of machine-gun fire, they did succeed in gaining some ground. This caused the German command to order its soldiers to re-take this ground, which resulted in similar losses for Germany. Hence, instead of a lopsided engagement, with only British soldiers attacking, which would have resulted in large numbers of casualties only for the British, the volume of attacks was rather evenly distributed, which caused even distribution of the casualties.

5.3 Advances in military technology

Not even an initially devastating array of new weapons achieved the required victory: poison gas ( Tear gas was first used by Germany on Russian soldiers without much success in the Battle of Bolimow on January 1, 1915; more often quoted as first use is the attack on Canadian soldiers at Ypres on April 22, 1915); liquid fire, (introduced by Germany at Hooge on July 30, 1915); and armoured tanks (first used by the British on the Somme on September 15, 1916) each produced initial panic among the enemy, but failed to deliver a lasting breakthrough.

See also Use of poison gas in World War I

5.4 Aircraft

Nieuport Fighter Aisne, France 1917

Military aviation achieved rapid progress, from the development of (initially primitive) forward-firing aerial machine-guns by the German air force in the autumn of 1915 to the deployment of bombers against London (July 1917).

See WWI Aviation
See Zeppelins in World War I
See List of aircraft by date and usage category

5.5 U-boats

Main article: First Battle of the Atlantic.

More dramatic still, at least for Britain, was the use of German submarines ( U-boats, from the German Unterseeboote, i.e., "undersea boats" ) against Allied merchant shipping in proscribed waters from February 1915. Germany's decision to lift restrictions on submarine activity ( February 1, 1917) was instrumental in bringing the United States into the war on the side of the Allies (April 6). The sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania was a particularly controversial "kill" for the U-boats.

6 The Eastern Front and Russia

While the Western Front had reached stalemate in the trenches, the war continued to the east.

See also: Eastern Front (World War I)

6.1 German victories in the East

The Russian initial plans for war had called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and German East Prussia. Although Russia's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, they were driven back from East Prussia by the victories of the German generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914. Russia's less-developed economic and military organisation soon proved unequal to the combined might of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. In the spring of 1915 the Russians were driven back in Galicia, and in May the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern fringes, capturing Warsaw on August 5 and forcing the Russians to withdraw from all of Poland.

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World political effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacksAll United Kingdom military bases increased their level of security awareness. Civilian air traffic over central London was rerouted around the city's airspace and all flights to the United States and Canada were suspended. The European Parliament at Berl World War IWorld War I (also known as the First World War , the Great War the War of the Nations and the "War to End All Wars") was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to 1918. No previous conflict had mobilized so many soldiers, or involved so many in the field of World War IIWorld War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The war was fough WorldconWorldcon a. the World Science Fiction Convention, is a science fiction convention that has been held from 1939 to 1941 and then every year since 1946 somewhere on the planet (so far). Most Worldcons have been in the United States, but they have also taken World War I casualtiesThis article contains a summary of deaths by nationality during World War I. Military casualties Included in parentheses is the percent of the total forces mobilized by that country that were killed in action. Allied soldiers killed Belgium: 13,700 (5. World War I reparationsThe reparations were a series of payments the German state was forced to make following its defeat during World War I, under Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles. The total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. In 1921, this nu World Series of Poker World music World Wide Web World Wide Web Consortium WorldForge World Intellectual Property Organization World Bank World Science Fiction Society World Trade Center