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17th-century Western philosophy is conventionally seen as being dominated by the coming of symbolic mathematics and rationalism to philosophy, many of the most noted philosophers were also mathematicians. Also called "The Age of Reason", some date the beginning of "modern philosophy" from this period, rather than from the Renaissance.

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This article is a part of the
History of Philosophy series.

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The main theme of the period is the rise of the Cartesian method in philosophy, and the subsequent decline of the Scholastic method. It is often characterised in terms of the conflict between the competing schools of Rationalism as represented by Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza, and Empiricism, represented by Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume, though this may be a simplification.

Rejecting religious dogma and superstition, thinkers of the Age of Reason applied a new emphasis on empiricism and rationality to their thought. The emergence of modern science -- the "scientific method" -- created a foundation for a new approach to human experience and understanding.

At the end of the era, European humanity had a new conception of existence in an ordered universe. Science and religion conflicted but were not mutually exclusive.

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