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Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields. In the publishing trade, this field of publishing is generally referred to as scientific, technical and medical publishing, " STM publishing ".
Main article: Peer review
Peer review is a central concept for most academic publishing; other scholars in a field must find a work sufficiently high in quality for it to merit publication. The process also guards against plagiarism. Failures in peer review, while they are probably common, are sometimes scandalous (the Sokal Affair is arguably one example, though this controversy also involved many other issues).
Main article: Scientific literature
Most scientific research is initially published in scientific journals; see that article for much more information on publishing in the sciences.
Alternative forms of publication in the sciences include Tech Notes , for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), and books for large projects, broad arguments, or compilations of articles.
Publishing in the social sciences is very different in different fields. Some fields, like economics, may have very "hard" or highly quantitative standards for publication, much like the natural sciences. Others, like anthropologyAnthropology (from the Greek word ANTHROPOLOGIA consists of the study of humankind (see genus Homo . It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. Central to anthropology is the concept of or sociologySociology is the study of social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions. A typical textbook definition of sociology calls it the study of the social lives of huma, emphasize field workField work is a general descriptive term for the collection of raw data in the social sciences and life sciences, such as archaeology, paleontology, anthropology, linguistics, and sociology. Field work, which is conducted in situ, can be contrasted with l and reporting on first-hand observation as well as quantitative work. Some social-science fields, such as public healthPublic Health is an aspect of Health Services concerned with threats to the overall health of the population of a community based on population health analysis. It generally includes infectious disease surveillance and infectious disease control and promo or demographicsDemographics comprises selected characteristics of a population (age and income distribution and trends, mobility, educational attainment, home ownership and employment status, for instance) for purposes of social studies. It is also used in marketing, ma, have significant shared interests with professions like lawThis article is about law in society. For other possible meanings, see law (disambiguation). Law (a loanword from Danish-Norwegian lov , in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules of conduct which mandate or proscribe (or both) specified relationshi and medicineSee drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that treat patients. This article is about medical practice. Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health and wellness. Broadly, it is the practical science o, and scholars in these fields often also publish in professional journals.
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