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Aikido incorporates a wide range of techniques which use principles of energy and motion to redirect, neutralize and control single or multiple attackers. At its highest level, aikido can be used to defend oneself without causing serious injury to either the aggressor or the defender. If performed correctly, size and strength are not important for efficency in the techniques. Aikido is considered one of the most difficult of the Japanese martial arts to gain proficiency in.
The methods of training vary from organization to organization and indeed even between different dojo in a single organization but typically, a class basically means that the teacher shows techniques or principles and the students imitate. Training is done through mutual technique not by sparring. Uke, the receiver of the technique, usually initiates an attack against nage or tori, who neutralizes it with an aikido technique. The uke and the nage have equally important roles. Students must practice both positions in order to learn to defend against an attack and to safely receive the defense. When o-sensei taught, all his students were uke until he deemed them knowledgeable enough of the technique to be nage. Movement, awareness, precision and timing are all important to the execution of techniques as students progress from rigidly defined exercises to more fluid and adaptable applications. Eventually, students take part in jiyu-waza and/or randori, where the attacks are less predictable. Some schools, such as Shodokan aikido , employ training methods wherein uke actively attempts to employ counter-techniques, or kaeshi-waza.
In kata training, the objective of the student is to perfectly copy the style demonstrated by their teacher during a series of formal movements. This form of training is usually reserved for work with weapons. Its purpose is the preservation of traditional technique. Variation depends upon the particular style or teacher.
O-Sensei didn't allow competition in training because some techniques are considered too dangerous and because he believed that competition didn't develop good character in students. Most styles of Aikido continue this tradition although Shodokan Aikido (see #Styles ) is an exception.
Aikido attacks used in normal training include various stylized strikes and grabs such as shomenuchi (a vertical strike to the head), yokomenuchi (a lateral strike to the side of the head and/or neck), munetsuki (a straight punch), ryotedori (a two handed grab) or katadori (a shoulder grab). Attacks are seldom trained with the aim of perfection; they are needed to do aikido technique on, but not a goal in itself. Kicks are sometimes used, but seldom in standard curricula.
Aikido techniques are mostly based on keeping the attacker out of balance and locking joints. Much of Aikido's repertoire of defenses can be performed either as throwing techniques (nage-waza) or as controls (katame-waza), depending on the situation. Entering, irimi, and turning, tenkan, are widely used Aikido concepts, as is striking, atemi, although this is mostly performed as distraction rather than to hurt. Manipulation of uke's balance by entering is often referred to as "taking uke's center".
The name aikido is formed of three Japanese characters, 合気道, usually romanised as ai, ki and do. These are often translated as meaning harmony, energy and way, so aikido can be translated as "the way of harmony through energy". Another common interpretation of the characters is harmony, spirit and way, so aikido can also mean "the way of spiritual harmony". Both interpretations draw attention to the fact that aikido's techniques are designed to control an attacker by controlling and redirecting their energy instead of blocking the energy. An analogy is often made of the way a flexible willow bends with the storm whereas the stout oak will break if the wind blows too hard. (The Korean martial art commonly known as hapkido uses the same three characters and quite possibly there is a historical link through Daito Ryu, the main origin of aikido).
Morihei Ueshiba developed aikido mainly from Daito Ryu aikijutsuAikijutsu also known as Aiki- jujutsu is a form of Japanese self-defence. In modern times, the best-known style of aikijutsu is that developed by Takeda Sokaku from Daito ryu . Daito Ryu aikijutsu practitioners claim that this ryu (school) was originally, incorporating the training movements of yariYari is the Japanese term for spear, or more specifically, the straight-headed spear. The martial art of wielding the yari is called sojutsu or (somewhat incorrectly) yarijutsu . Yari measured anywhere from one meter to upwards of six meters (3. 3 to 20 f ( spearA spear is an ancient weapon, used for hunting and war. It consists of a shaft, usually of wood, with a sharpened head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with bamboo spears, or it may be of another material faste), joA jo is a four- foot (1. 2 m) long wooden staff, used in some Japanese martial arts. The martial art of wielding the jo is called jojutsu or jodo aiki-jo is a set of techniques in aikido which uses the jo to illustrate aikido's principles with a weapon. (a short quarterstaffA quarterstaff is a Medieval English variant of the staff weapon, consisting simply of a long shaft of hardwood, usually oak, hawthorn, hazel or ash. The weapon's name comes from the way it is commonly held: one hand at the center of the staff, and one ha), and maybe also juken ( bayonetA bayonet is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle of a rifle or similar weapon. It is a close combat weapon. Its evolution can be traced to a certain extent to a fortuitous accident. In the mid- 17th century irregular con). The influence of the sword is strong; in many ways, an aikido practitioner moves as an empty handed swordsman. The aikido striking attacks shomenuchi and yokomenuchi originate from weapon attacks. Some schools of aikido do no weapons training at all, others, such as Iwama RyuIwama Ryu was an aikido organisation in which some of the students of Morihiro Saito, a close disciple of the founder of aikido Morihei Ueshiba was included. Most of Saito's students were however always members of the original organisation Aikikai, and in spend half of their time with bokkenBokken (, "wooden sword") is the Japanese term in kenjutsu for a katana shaped out of wood. Used to train samurai in feudal Japan, it is now used as a training weapon in various Japanese sword arts. Some other martial arts (and all pedants) call it a boku (wooden sword), jo, and tanto (knife). In some lines of aikido, all techniques can be performed with a sword as well as unarmed.
Aikido was brought to the United Kingdom in 1955, United States in the 1960s, to Australia in 1965 and to many other countries. Today there are many aikido dojos available to train at throughout the world.
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