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He succeeded his father Da'ud as ruler of Khorasan in 1059, and his uncle Toğrül as sultan of Oran and Baghdad in 1063, and thus became sole monarch of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris. In consolidating his empire and subduing contending factions he was ably assisted by Nizam ul-Mulk, his vizierA Vizier (, sometimes also spelled Wazir is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. During the days of the Ottoman Empire the Grand Vizier played the role of a pseudo- prime minister in the Sultan's co, one of the most eminent statesmen in early MuslimA Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. The word Muslim means one who submits and implies complete submission to the will of God ( Allah). Muslims believe that nature is itself Islamic, since it follows natural laws placed by God. Thus, a Muslim s history. Peace and security being established in his dominions, he convoked an assembly of the states and declared his son Malik Shah IJalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah was the Seljuk sultan from 1072 to 1092. Although he was a Turk, his name is a combination of the Arabic and Persian words for king. He drove the Byzantine Empire out of most of Anatolia following their defeat by Alp Arslan at t his heir and successor. With the hope of acquiring immense booty in the rich church of St. Basil in Caesarea, the capital of CappadociaIn ancient geography, Cappadocia was an extensive inland district of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). In the time of Herodotus the Cappadocians occupied the whole region from Mount Taurus to the Euxine ( Black Sea). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in th, he placed himself at the head of the Turkish cavalry, crossed the EuphratesThe Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Aramaic Frot/Frat Old Persian Ufrat in Arabic , in Turkish Firat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia ( Bethnahri and entered and plundered that city. He then marched into ArmeniaArmenia ( Armenian: ''Hayastan is a landlocked country in southern Transcaucasia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan in the east and Iran and the Naxcivan exclave of Azerbaijan in th and GeorgiaThis article is about the history of the country Georgia. For the history of the U. state of Georgia, see History of Georgia (U. The recorded history of Georgia dates back more than 4,000 years and the Georgian language is one of the oldest living languag, which (in 1064) he finally subdued.
In 1068 Alp Arslan invaded the Byzantine Empire. The emperor Romanus IV Diogenes, assuming the command in person, met the invaders in Cilicia. In three arduous campaigns, the two first of which were conducted by the emperor himself while the third was directed by Manuel Comnenus , the Turks were defeated in detail and finally (1070) driven across the Euphrates. In 1071 Romanus again took the field and advanced with 100,000 men, including a contingent of the Turkish tribe of the Uzes and of the French and Normans, under Ursel of Bahol , into Armenia. At Manzikert, on the Murad Tchai, north of Lake Van, he was met by Alp Arslan; and the sultan having proposed terms of peace, which were scornfully rejected by the emperor, a battle took place – the Battle of Manzikert – in which the Greeks, after a terrible slaughter, were totally routed, a result due mainly to the rapid tactics of the Turkish cavalry. Romanus was taken prisoner and conducted into the presence of Alp Arslan, who treated him with generosity, and terms of peace having been agreed to, dismissed him, loaded with presents and respectfully attended by a military guard.
The dominion of Alp Arslan now extended over much of western Asia. He soon prepared to march to the conquest of Turkestan, the original seat of his ancestors. With a powerful army he advanced to the banks of the Oxus. Before he could pass the river with safety, however, it was necessary to subdue certain fortresses, one of which was for several days vigorously defended by the governor, Yussuf Kothual , a Khwarezmian. He was, however, obliged to surrender and was carried a prisoner before the sultan, who condemned him to a cruel death. Yussuf, in desperation, drew his dagger and rushed upon the sultan. Alp Arslan, the most skilful archer of his day, motioned to his guards not to interfere and drew his bow, but his foot slipped, the arrow glanced aside and he received the assassin's dagger in his breast. The wound proved mortal, and Alp Arslan expired a few hours after he received it.
After Alp Arslan's victories the balance in the near Asia changed completely in favour of Seljuk Turks and Sunni Muslims. While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in the Middle East.
After that Alp Arslan started another campaign, but now against the leader of another Muslim faction to the west, Yusuf el-Harezmi. Yusuf, seeing that he was not able to stand more, said he would surrender to Alp Arslan. Alp Arslan, admitting Yusuf el-Harezmi before himself, was heavily wounded by a sudden dagger stroke of Yusuf el-Harezmi. The body of Alp Arslan who died because of the wound four days later on 25 November 1072 when he was 42, was taken to Merv and buried next to his father Çagri Bey. In his tomb, there is the following inscription:
“O those who saw the sky-high grandeur of Alparslan, behold! He is under the black soil now...”
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