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The strategic position of Monte Cassino has made it the repeated scene of battles and sieges from antiquity.
In World War II, the Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as Battle for Rome) was, in fact, a costly series of battles fought by the Allies with the intention of breaking through the Gustav Line, seizing Rome and linking up with Allied forces contained within the Anzio pocket.
The first battle started on January 4, 1944 and the monastery atop the hill was destroyed by Allied bombing on February 15. Allied aircraft heavily bombed the ruins of the monastery and staged an assault on March 15.
During three failed attempts to take the heavily-guarded monastery of Monte Cassino ( January 17- 25, February 15- February 18, March 15- March 25), the forces of the USAThe United States of America also referred to as the United States U. America ¹ or the States is a federal republic in central North America, stretching from the Atlantic in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. It shares land borders with Canada in, the UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a state in Western Europe, usually known simply as the United Kingdom the UK Britain or less accurately as Great Britain . The UK was formed by a series of Acts of Union which united the formerly, IndiaThe Republic of India is a large multicultural country in South Asia, with a population of over one billion. The Indian economy is the fourth largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, and is the world's second-fastest growing economy., CanadaCanada historically the Dominion of Canada is the second-largest, and northernmost, country in the world. It is a decentralized federation of 10 provinces and 3 territories, governed as a constitutional monarchy, and formed in 1867 through an act of Confe, AustraliaAustralia is the sixth-largest country in the world (geographically), the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia. Australia includes the island of Tasmania, which is an Australian State. Its neighbouring count, South AfricaSouth Africa is a republic at the southern tip of Africa. It is bordered to the north by Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, to the north-east by Mozambique and Swaziland. Lesotho is contained entirely inside the borders of South Africa. South Africa is one o and New ZealandFor alternative meanings, see New Zealand (disambiguation). New Zealand is a country formed of two major islands and a number of smaller islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. A common Mori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa popularly translated as Land lost approximately 54,000 men yet did not manage to seize the city or the castle overlooking the Rapido River valley.
The II Polish Corps hoisted the Polish banner over the ruins of the Monte Cassino monastery. The so-called Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino was fought by the 2nd Polish Corps under General Wladyslaw Anders ( May 11- May 19). The first assault ( May 11- May 12) brought heavy losses but also allowed the British 8th Army under General Sir Oliver Leese to break through German lines in the Liri river valley below the monastery.
The second assault ( May 17- May 19), carried out at immense cost by the Polish troops with the aid of a force under French fatigues of Morroccan hill tribesmen used for mountain warfare, pushed the German 1st Parachute Division out of its positions on the hills surrounding the monastery and almost surrounded them. In the early morning of May 18 a reconnaissance group of Polish 12th Podolian Uhlans Regiment occupied the ruins of the monastry after it was evacuated by the Germans.
The capture of Monte Cassino allowed the British and American divisions to begin the advance on Rome, which fell on June 4 1944 just two days before the Normandy invasion.
In the course of the battles the historic monastery of Monte Cassino, where Benedict first established the rule that ordered monasticism in the west, was entirely pulverized. Fortunately its irreplaceable library had been removed for safekeeping to Rome at the start of the war. The site has since been rebuilt, but the historic buildings are utterly gone.
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