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Benjamin Burwell Johnston, Junior, (born March 15, 1926 in Macon, Georgia, is one of the best known composers writing in the just intonation system. He is best known for extending Harry Partch's experiments in just tuning to traditional instruments through his system of notation. Johnston taught composition and theory at the University of Illinois from 1951 to 1983. Johnston began as a traditional composer of art music under the influence of his teacher Darius Milhaud. After apprenticing himself to Partch, Johnston began formulating a system of microtonal composition based on the rational intervals of just intonation. Johnston also studied with John Cage, who encouraged him to pursue the composition of just-tuned music for traditional instruments.Johnston's early efforts in just composition drew heavily on the accomplishments of post- Webern serialism. His String Quartet No. 4 " Amazing Grace", however, ushered in a change of style in which tonality plays a central role. Johnston has come to advocate a tonal system of 65 notes to the octave, with emphasis on the crucial interval of the syntonic commaIntervals The syntonic comma also known as the comma of Didymus or Ptolemaic comma is a small interval between two musical notes, equal to the frequency ratio 81:80, or around 21. It is the difference between four justly tuned perfect fifths, and two octa. The String Quartet No. 4 was recorded by the Kronos QuartetThe Kronos Quartet is a string quartet founded by violinist David Harrington in 1973. Since 1978, the quartet has been based in San Francisco, California. The longest-running combination of performers ( 1978- 1999) had Harrington and John Sherba on violin and is perhaps Johnston's best-known composition.
Other works include the orchestral work Quintet for Groups (commissioned by the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, Sonnets of Desolation (commissioned by the Swingle SingersThe Swingle Singers ( 1962- 1973) was an a cappella vocal group formed in Paris, France with Ward Swingle, Anne Germain, Jeanette Baucomont, and Jean Cussac. The group covered songs by The Beatles, Tchaikovsky, Rossini, and Eduardo di Capua. Other influen), the opera Carmilla, the Sonata for Microtonal PianoSonata for Microtonal Piano is a sonata for specifically microtonally tuned piano by Ben Johnston written in 1964 (see also just intonation). According to the composer (1976): :"Effectively, for the listener, there are three main gradations of consonance/ (1977) and the Suite for Microtonal PianoSuite for Microtonal Piano is a suite for specifically microtonally tuned piano(s) by Ben Johnston written in 1977 (see also just intonation). The piano is tuned to a selection of overtones from the fifth octave of the harmonic spectrum of C. All octaves (1964). Johnston has completed ten string quartets to date. The Kronos QuartetThe Kronos Quartet is a string quartet founded by violinist David Harrington in 1973. Since 1978, the quartet has been based in San Francisco, California. The longest-running combination of performers ( 1978- 1999) had Harrington and John Sherba on violin, led by David Harrington , has a standing offer to record all ten quartets, but its label, Nonesuch , has thus far refused the offer. As of 2003, the Kepler Quartet plans to record all ten quartets for the TzadikSee Tzadik for other meanings of the word. Tzadik is a record label based in New York City specialising in avant-garde and experimental music. The label was established by jazz musician, John Zorn in 1995. Tzadik has released over 200 albums by a variety label.
Johnston's mature style features a direct tonal warmth supplemented by the sonorities of just-tuned intervals. Johnston often adopts the 7- limit and sometimes 11- limit or beyond in his compositions, introducing players and audiences to sonorities that are tonal but nonetheless rare in conventional tonal music.
Following on the ideas of Theodor Adorno, Johnston believes that music has the power to influence and even control social trends. Johnston believes that an equal tempered tuning system based on irrational intervals contributes to the hectic hyper-activity of modern life. The wildly beating sonorities of equal temperament are thought to resemble (and perhaps foment) the fast-paced, unmeditative current of present-day Western existence. Many just intervals lack the sharp vibrancy of irrational intervals (and higher-order rational intervals) and thus are sometimes felt to convey an affect of stasis and meditative calm. Indeed, cultures whose tuning systems draw heavily on purely tuned intervals (e.g., North Indian classical music) tend to value meditative social attitudes more greatly than in the West.
Johnston has received many honors, including a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1959, a grant from the National Council on the Arts and the Humanities in 1966 and two commissions from the Smithsonian Institute.
