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From the 13th century, the Crown of Aragon (then a kingdom including Catalonia, with Barcelona as the kingdom's leading city) dominated Naples and Sicily, creating a great hate towards Catalans. The Valencian pope Alexander VI became almost a mythical villain, and countless legends and traditions attached to his name. Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere called Pope Alexander VI "Catalan, marrano and circumcised". According to Sverker Arnoldsson , the Italian's criticisms of the Spaniards were cultural and racial, not only economical and political: "age-long mixture of Spanish with Oriental and African elements, plus the JewThe word Jew is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to either a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity. This article discusses the term as describing an ethnic group; for aish and IslamCairo Egypt Islm (In Arabic: , "submission (to God)"; In Persian and Urdu: ) is a monotheistic faith and the world's second-largest religion. Followers of Islam, known as Muslims believe that God (or, in Arabic, Allh revealed His Will to Muhammad (c.ic influence upon Spanish culture; this motivated the view of the Spaniards as a people of inferior race and doubtful orthodoxy."
The Spanish InquisitionThe Spanish Inquisition was a version of Inquisition acting in Spain under the control of the Kings of Spain. This Inquisition was the result of the reconquest of Spain on the Muslims and the policy of converting the Jews and the Muslims to Christianity. was the most important topic of the Black Legend in the 16th century15th century 16th century 17th century more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. Events Beginning of the " Little Ice Age" a cooling period that resulted in lower crop yi. Although the InquisitionThe Inquisition was an office of the Roman Catholic Church charged with suppressing heresy. Their actions and interactions with the local governments are subjects of considerable historical enquiry. Origin The Inquisition was a permanent institution in th had existed in many European countries before it existed in Spain, Ferdinand II of AragonFerdinand II of Aragon nicknamed the Catholic ( March 10, 1452 June 23, 1516) was king of Aragon, Castile, Sicily, Naples and Navarre and Count of Barcelona He became Ferdinand V of Castile when he married Isabella I of Castile. They united their two king instituted the inquisitionThe Spanish Inquisition was a version of Inquisition acting in Spain under the control of the Kings of Spain. This Inquisition was the result of the reconquest of Spain on the Muslims and the policy of converting the Jews and the Muslims to Christianity. in Spain primarily to investigate and punish conversos, former Jews and Muslims who had converted to Roman Catholicism, but whose conversions were not entirely trusted. Some of the most famous support for the legend comes from two Protestants: the Englishman John Foxe, author of the Book of Martyrs (1554) and the Spaniard Reginaldo González de Montes , author of the Exposición de algunas mañas de la Santa Inquisición Española (Exposition of some vices of the Spanish Inquisition, 1567).
No small part of the Black Legend comes from self-criticism in Spain itself. As early as 1511, some Spaniards criticized the legitimacy of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. In 1552, the Dominican friar Bartolome de las Casas published his Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias ( Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies ), a polemical and arguably exaggerated account of the excesses which accompanied colonization, in which he compares the natives with tame ewes and blames Spaniards for the murder of 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 Arawaks on the island of Hispaniola (now home to the Dominican Republic and Haiti.) Recent genetic research contradicts the theory of the total Spanish genocide in the Caribbean. Mitocondrial and Y-chromosome analysis have shown that 62% of Puerto Ricans come from an Ameridian Ancestry and well over 70% have a white ancestry (See Demographics of Puerto Rico for further information).
Another early source is Girolamo Benzoni 's Historia nuovo (New History), first published in Venice in 1565.
The Duke of Alva's actions in the Netherlands, sent to stamp out heresy and political unrest in August 1567 contributed to the Black Legend, in a part of Europe where printing presses were a constant source of heterodox opinion. One of Alva's first acts was to gain control of the book industry; in one year several printers were banished and at least one was executed. Book sellers and printers were raided in the search for banned books, many more of which were added to the Index librorum prohibitorum. In 1576 Spanish troops attacked and pillaged Antwerp, over three terrible days that came to be known as "The Spanish Fury". The soldiers rampaged through the city, killing and looting; they demanded money from citizens and burned the homes of those who refused to (or could not) pay. Plantin's printing establishment was threatented with destruction three times but was saved each time when a ransom was paid. Antwerp was economically devastated by the attack, and Plantin's business suffered. Such facts similar to German rampages in the Sack of Rome, 1527, were enlarged upon to enhance the "Black Legend."
Other critics of Spain included Antonio Pérez , the fallen secretary of king Philip II of Spain. Pérez fled to England, where he published libels against the Spanish monarchy under the title Relaciones (1594).
These books were extensively used by the Dutch during their fight for independence from Spain, and taken up by the English to justify their piracy and wars against the Spanish. Foxe's book was among Sir Francis Drake's favourites. The two northern nations were not only emerging as Spain's rivals for worldwide colonialism, but were also strongholds of Protestantism while Spain was the most powerful Roman Catholic country of the period.
The imprisonment of Don Carlos by his father, King Philip II of Spain, which was followed by the Prince's mysterious death, added to the legend, according to which the young heir had been murdered.
In the 17th century, Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia that had by then been unwillingly absorbed into the Spanish monarchy dominated by Castille, was the great producer of these libels.
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