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September 1970 is known as the Black September in the Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of regrettable events". It was a month when Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan moved to quash an attempt of Palestinian organizations to overturn his monarchy. The armed conflict lasted until July 1971.
After the Six Day War, many Arab groups were looking for ways to "restore honor" or advance their causes. The Palestinians constituted a majority of Jordan's population and had support by many Arab regimes, most notably by Egypt's President Nasser. Numerous times, Israel was hit with cross-border terror attacks by the so-called fedayeen ( guerillas).
In response to a series of attacks originated from Jordanian territory, the Israel Defense Forces entered a settlement of Karameh on March 21, 1968. Prime Minister of Israel Levi EshkolState of Israel. Levi Eshkol Shkolnik ( October 25, 1895 February 26, 1969), was the third Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death of a heart attack in 1969. Levi Eshkol was born in 1895 in a small village near Kiev, in the Ukraine. Levi's moth announced that the aim of the operation was to prevent "a new wave of terror". In the battle, 128 (some sources cite up to 170) of Palestinians were killed. With the help of Jordanian artillery, 28 Israeli soldiers were killed and 80 wounded, the IDF also lost four tanks.
Yassir Arafat claimed this as a victory (in Arabic languageArabic is a Semitic language, fairly closely related to, for instance, the Hebrew language and the Aramaic language, spoken throughout the Arab world and widely known outside it. It has been a literary language for over 1500 years, and is the liturgical l, "karameh" is "honor") and quickly became a national hero who dared to confront Israel, and masses of young Arabs joined the ranks of his group FatahFatah (Arabic: al-fatah literally: "the victory through holy struggle") is a Palestinian faction founded in 1959 by Yasser Arafat, who until his death, was head of the Palestinian Authority. Fatah is the reverse spelling of the acronym Hataf (Harekat at-T. Under pressure, Ahmad ShukeiriAhmad Shukeiri ( 1908 1980), also Al-Shuqeiry Shukeiry etc. was born in Lebanon to an Palestinian father and a Turkish mother. After studying law in Jerusalem, he became a member of the Syrian delegation to the United Nations, 1949-1951. He then became as resigned from the PLO leadership and in July 1968, Fatah joined and soon controlled the PLO.In Palestinian enclaves and refugee camps in Jordan, the police and army were losing their authority as uniformed PLO militants openly carried weapons, set up checkpoints and attempted to collect taxes. During the November 1968 negotiations, a seven-point agreement was reached between King Hussein and Palestinian organizations:
The agreement did not hold. The PLO was becoming a state within a state in Jordan and between mid-1968 and the end of 1969, no less than five hundred violent clashes between the Palestinian guerillas and Jordanian security forces. Acts of violence against civilian population and kidnappingIn criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment (confinement without legal authority) for ransom or in furtherance of another crime. In the terminology of the common las frequently took place. Chief of the Jordanian royal court Zeid Rifai described how "the fedayeen killed a soldier, beheaded him, and played soccer with his head in the area where he used to live." (Source: Arafat's War by Efraim Karsh, p. 28)
The PLO also continued attacking Israel from Jordanian territory without coordination with Jordanian army, causing heavy Israeli retaliations.
King Hussein visited the US President Richard Nixon, and the Egyptian President Nasser in February 1970. Upon his return, the King published a ten-point edict, restricting activities of the Palestinian organizations. On February 11, clashes broke out between Jordanian security forces and the Palestinian groups in the streets of Amman, resulting in about 300 deaths. Trying to prevent the violence spinning out of control, King Hussein announcement "We are all fedayeen" was accompanied by firing the interior minister who was hostile to the Palestinians.
Armed Palestinians set up a parallel system of visa controls, customs checks and checkpoints in Jordanian cities and airports, and added more tensions to already polarized Jordanian society and the army.
In July, Egypt and Jordan accepted the US-backed " Rogers Plan " that called for a cease fire in the War of Attrition between Israel and Egypt and for Israel's withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967, according to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 242. The radical organizations in the PLO, George Habash's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Naif Hawatmeh 's Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), and Ahmed Jibril's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command, decided to undermine Hussein's pro-Western regime. Arafat did not stop the radicals; nor did he openly join the call to overthrow King Hussein.
Between February and June of 1970, about a thousand lives were lost in Jordan alone due to the conflict.
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