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In Buddhist thought, a bodhisattva is a being that, while not yet fully enlightened, is actively striving toward that goal. Conventionally, the term is applied to hypothetical beings with a high degree of enlightenment and power. Bodhisattva literally means "enlightenment being" in Sanskrit.

1 Bodhisattvas in Theravada Buddhism

In Theravada Buddhism, the bodhisattva is seen as seeking enlightenment so that, once awakened, he or she may efficiently aid other beings with the expertise of supreme wisdom. Gautama Buddha's previous life experience as a bodhisattva before Buddhahood are recorded in the texts of the jataka. Lay Buddhists of Theravada seek inspiration in Gautama's skill as a good layman in these texts, which account not only his historical life, but many previous lives. The only currently active bodhisattva described in the Pali Canon is the future Buddha Maitreya ( Pali: Metteyya).

2 Bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism

Remaining in this world of uncontrolled rebirth (cf. Wheel of Life), this individual has taken the bodhisattva vows not to pass into ParinirvanaAlso known in Sanskrit as Paranirvana and in Pali as Paranibbana or (most often) Parinibbana. Paranirvana is the final Nirvana, traditionally understood to be within reach only upon the death of someone who attained the state of Nirvana. It is the ultimat until all other beings have achieved NirvanaThe following article is about the term Nirvana in the context of Buddhism. See Nirvana (disambiguation) for other meanings. In Buddhism, nirva (from the Sanskrit Pali: Nibbna Chinese: Nie4 Pan2 ), literally "extinction" or "extinguishing", is the culmina.

According to the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism, on his/her way to becoming a Buddha, the bodhisattva proceeds through ten (sometimes fourteen) grounds or bhumi.

Before a bodhisattva arrives at the first ground, he or she first must travel the first two of the five paths (marked also with the syllables from the heart sutra that represents each path):

1. the path of accumulation (gate)
2. the path of preparation (gate).

The ten grounds of the bodhisattva then can be grouped into the next three paths

1. Bhumi 1 the path of insight (paragate)
2. Bhumi 2-7 the path of meditation (parasamgate)
3. Bhumi 8-10 the path of no more learning (bodhi)

The BodhisattvaMaitreya, 2nd century, Gandhara. In Buddhist thought, a bodhisattva is a being that, while not yet fully enlightened, is actively striving toward that goal. Conventionally, the term is applied to hypothetical beings with a high degree of enlightenment and Maitreya practices in a lotus position, 2nd century CE, MathuraMathura is a city in India, located ~50 km north of Agra; Mathura is to the south of Delhi. During the ancient period, this was an economic hub located at the junction of some relatively important caravan routes. This is the reputed birthplace of Krishna..

1. Great Joy
   • It is said that being close to enlightenment and seeing the benefit for all sentient beings, one achieves great joy, hence the name. In this bhumi the bodhisattvas practice all virtues ( paramita), but especially emphasizing generosity.
2. Stainless
   • In accomplishing the second bhumi, the bodhisattva is free from the stains of immorality, therefore, this bhumi is named 'Stainless'. The emphasized virtue is moral ethics.
3. Radiant
   • The third bhumi is named 'Radiant', because, for a bodhisattva who accomplishes this bhumi, the light of Dharma is said to radiate from the bodhisattva for others. The emphasized virtue is patience.
4. Luminous
   • This bhumi is called 'luminous', because it is said to be like a radiating light that fully burns that which opposes enlightenment. The emphasized virtue is perseverance.
5. Very difficult to train
   • Bodhisattvas who attain this bhumi strive to help sentient beings attain maturity, and do not become emotionally involved when such beings respond negatively, both of which are difficult to do. The emphasized virtue is meditative concentration.
6. Obviously Transcendent
   • "By depending on the perfection of wisdom awareness, he [the bodhisattva] does not abide in either samsara or nirvana, so it is 'obviously transcendent'". The emphasized virtue is wisdom.
7. Gone afar
   • Particular emphasis is on the perfection of skillful means, or upaya-kaushalya, [to help others].
8. Immovable
   • The emphasized virtue is aspiration.
   • This, the 'Immovable' bhumi, is the bhumi at which one becomes able to choose his/her place of rebirth.
9. Good Discriminating Wisdom
   • The emphasized virtue is strength.
10. Cloud of dharma
    • The emphasized virtue is the practice of primordial wisdom.
11. Buddhahood
    • After the ten bhumis, according to Mahayana Buddhism, one attains complete enlightenment and becomes a Buddha.
    • According to Mahayana tradition, Arhats have purified their stains and all emotional afflictions, but have not yet attained complete, unsurpassable enlightenment, or buddhahood.

The list of ten bhumis and their descriptions are from The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, a treatise by Gampopa, an influential character of the Kagyu tradition.

A bodhisattva practices several virtues, called the paramitas. These are often listed as the perfection of:

• giving
• ethics
• patience
• joyous effort
• concentration
• wisdom

When becoming liberated from uncontrolled rebirth, the bodhisattva becomes like an Arahant (sometimes spelled Arhat), but rather than moving into Nirvana, remains in the world to lead other beings to liberation and enlightenment.

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BodhisattvaMaitreya, 2nd century, Gandhara. In Buddhist thought, a bodhisattva is a being that, while not yet fully enlightened, is actively striving toward that goal. Conventionally, the term is applied to hypothetical beings with a high degree of enlightenment and