:For other articles about other subjects named brain see brain (disambiguation).In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. Although the brain is usually cited as the supervisory center of vertebrate nervous systems, the same term can also be used for the invertebrate central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head.
The brain controls and coordinates most movement, behavior and homeostatic body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, fluid balance and body temperature. Functions of the brain are responsible for cognition, emotion, memory, motor learning and other sorts of learningWe are all learning throughout our lives, both explicit facts and the sort of experiential learning that comes from repetition. Education is the conscious attempt to promote learning in others. There are countless theories, sub-categories, in regard to le.
The brain is primarily made up of two types of cellstained for keratin The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular, (humans have an estimated 100,0s: glia and neuronNeurons (also called nerve cells are the primary cells of the nervous system. In vertebrates, they are found in the brain, the spinal cord and in the nerves and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Classes There are three classes of neurons: afferents. Glia function primarily to support and protect the neurons. The neurons carry information in the form of electrical pulses known as action potentialelectrophysiological recording of an action potential showing the various phases which occur as the wave passes a point on a cell membrane. As the traveling signals of nerves and as the localized changes that contract muscle cells, action potentials are as. They communicate with other neurons in the brain and throughout the body by sending various chemicals called neurotransmitterA neurotransmitter is a type of molecule that carries signals between neurons (nerve cells) at synapses in the nervous system. Neurotransmitters may be either excitatory ( EPSPs) or inhibitory ( IPSPs). That is, they may foster the initiation of a nerve is across gaps known as synapsenerve cells to communicate with one another through axons and dendrites, converting electrical signals into chemical ones. For the technology festival, see Synapse Festival. Synapses are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signs. Small invertebrates such as insectSubclass Apterygota Symphypleona globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Palaeodictyoptera extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata ( dragonfls may have a million neuronNeurons (also called nerve cells are the primary cells of the nervous system. In vertebrates, they are found in the brain, the spinal cord and in the nerves and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Classes There are three classes of neurons: afferents in the brain, larger vertebrate brains have over one hundred billion neurons. The human brain is particularly complex and enlarged.
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1.1 Brains in nature
Although many classes of animals have nervous systems, three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (for example, insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods ( octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and craniates ( vertebrates and their cousins). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. The arthropod brain consists of a large opitical lobes behind each eye for visual processing and a central brain with three divisions. The cephalopod brain has a central group of lobes known as circumesophageal lobes that are flanked by two large optical lobes on the left and right (Butler, 2000).
The brains of craniates develop from the anterior section of a single dorsal nerve cord, which later becomes the spinal cord. In craniates, the brain is protected by the bones of the skull. Vertebrates are characterized by increasing complexity in the cerebral cortex as one moves up the phylogenetic and evolutionary tree. Primitive vertebrates, like fish, reptiles, and amphibians have cortices with less than six layers of neurons, a structure known as allocortex (Martin, 1996). More complex vertebrates like mammals have developed six-layered neocortex in addition to having some parts of the brain that are allocortex (Martin, 1996). In mammals, increasing convolutions of the brain, called gyri, are characteristic of animals with more advanced brains. These convolutions evolved to provide more surface area for a greater number of neurons while keeping the volume of the brain compact enough to fit inside the skull.
