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Broad-gauge railways use a gauge (distance between the rails) greater than the standard gauge of 4 ft 8.5 in (1435 mm). In Britain the Great Western Railway pioneered broad gauge from 1838 with a gauge of 7 ft 0.25 in (2140 mm), and retained this gauge into the 1890s.
Many countries have broad gauge railways. Ireland (see History of rail transport in Ireland) and some parts of Australia have a gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1600 mm). Russia and the other former Soviet Republics use a 1520 mm (originally 5 ft (1524 mm)) gauge while Finland continues to use the 5 ft (1524 mm) gauge inherited from Imperial Russia (the two standards are close enough to allow full interoperability between Finland and Russia). The Baltic States have received funding from the European Union for rebuilding their railways to the standard gauge. Portugal and the SpanishThe Kingdom of Spain is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the tiny principality of Andorra. It inc Renfe system use a gauge of 5 ft 5.5 in (1668 mm). In IndiaThe Republic of India is a large multicultural country in South Asia, with a population of over one billion. The Indian economy is the fourth largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, and is the world's second-fastest growing economy. a gauge of 5 ft 6 in (1676 mm) is widespread. This is also used by the Bay Area Rapid TransitBART (in full, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a rapid transit electric train service that serves parts of the San Francisco Bay Area, including the cities of San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley. It also serves San Francisco International Ai system of San Francisco, CaliforniaFor other meanings, see San Francisco (disambiguation). Bay Bridge. In the distance is fog covering the western third of the city. Click for additional information The City and County of San Francisco (population 776,773), the fourth-largest city in the s. In Toronto, Canada the TTCThe Toronto Transit Commission or TTC is a public transportation authority that operates buses, streetcars, and subway lines in Toronto, Ontario. At one time it operated trolley buses, but it ceased those operations in 1993. The TTC operates one of the mo subways and streetcars use a unique gauge of 4 feet 10 7/8 inches (1495 mm), an "overgauge" originally intended to allow standard gauge horse-drawn wagons run inside the rails while the streetcars ran on top of them.
While Russia chose broad gauge to make railborne invasion by its enemies that much more difficult, most non-standard broad gauges get in the way of interoperability of railway networks. On the GWR, the 7 ft 0.25 in (2140 mm) gauge was supposed to allow for high speed, but the company had difficulty with locomotive design in the early years (which threw away much of their advantage), and rapid advances in permanent wayA permanent way refers to the track and sleepers of a railway line. This name originally came about because during the construction of railway lines, other tracks (ways) were used for removing soil from cuttings, etc. The permanent way was the track that and suspension technology saw standard gauge speeds approach broad gauge speeds within a decade or two in any case. On the 5 ft 3 in (1600 mm) and 5 ft 6 in (1676 mm) gauges, the extra width allowed for bigger inside cylinders and greater power, a problem solvable by outside cylinders and higher steam pressure on standard gauge. On BART, the wider gauge is supposed to prevent lightweight trains getting blown over by the wind.
1 Overcoming a Break of Gauge
Where trains encounter a different gauge, such as at the Spanish-French border or the Russian-Chinese one, the traditional solution has always been transshipment - transferring passengers and freight to cars on the other system. This is obviously far from optimal, and a number of more efficient schemes have been devised. One common one is to build cars to the smaller of the two systems' loading gauges with trucks ( bogies, in British parlance) that are easily removed and replaced, with switching of the trucks at an interchange location on the border. This takes a few minutes per car, but is quicker than transshipment. A more modern and sophisticated method is to have multigauge trucks whose wheels can be moved inward and outward. Normally they are locked in place, but special equipment at the border unlocks the wheels and pushes them inward or outward to the new gauge, relocking the wheels when done. This can be done as the train moves slowly over special equipment.
In some cases, breaks of gauge are avoided by installing dual gauge track, either permanently or as part of a changeover process to a single gauge.
