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Home > Calculus (disambiguation)

1 Mathematical meanings

In mathematics, calculus most commonly refers to analysis, which investigates motion and rates of change. The denotation "the calculus" is sometimes used to distinguish this from other mathematical meanings.

In the most general sense, the term calculus refers to a system of formal rules of inference and axioms that are used for computation. MathWorld defines it as "an abstract theory developed in a purely formal way". [1]

The more generalized usage is particularly common in mathematical logic, where a calculus is applied to compute universally true statements of a certain formal logic. Examples include the calculus of natural deduction, the sequent calculus, as well as many other calculi that are deviced in proof theory.

Derived from the Latin word for "pebble", calculus in its most general sense can mean any method or system of calculation. Other topics where the term calculus is used in this sense include:

• Predicate calculus (the rules governing the logic of predicates in symbolic logic)
• Lambda calculus (a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions with deep connections to computational theory; due in final form to Alonzo ChurchAlonzo Church ( June 14, 1903 August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who was responsible for some of the foundations of theoretical computer science. Born in Washington, DC, he received a bachelor's degree from Princeton University in of Princeton)
• Pi-calculusIn theoretical computer science, the pi;-calculus is a notation originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker to model concurrency (just as the λ-calculus is a simple model of sequential programming languages). Definition Sy (a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes, invented by Robin MilnerRobin Milner is a prominent British computer scientist. Graduating from King's College, Cambridge in 1952, Milner first worked as a schoolteacher than as a programmer at Ferranti, before entering academia at City University, London, then Swansea Universit)

2 Other meanings

In dentistryX-rays can reveal if a person has cavities Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth) to human beings. A dentist is a professional practitioner of dentistry. In most cou, calculus refers to deposits of calcium phosphateCalcium phosphate Ca(PO) is found in nature as a rock in Morocco, Israel, Egypt, Kola (Russia) and in smaller quantities in some other countries. The natural form is not completely pure, and there are some other components like sand and lime which can cha salts on teeth, also known as tartar. See calculus (dental)In dentistry, calculus or tartar refers to hardened plaque on the teeth, formed by the presence of saliva, debris, and minerals. Its rough surface provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth, threatening the health of the gums and absorbing unaesthetic

In medicineSee drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that treat patients. This article is about medical practice. Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health and wellness. Broadly, it is the practical science o a calculus refers to a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone. See calculus (medicine)

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Topics: Calculus (disambiguation) Theory Logic Meanings Refers...

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CalculusFor other uses of the term calculus see calculus (disambiguation Calculus is a branch of mathematics, developed from algebra and geometry, involving two major complementary ideas: The first, called differential calculus is a theory about rates of change, Calculus with polynomialsCalculus In mathematics, polynomials are perhaps the simplest functions with which to do calculus. Their derivatives and integrals are given by the following rules: : : Hence the derivative of x100 is 100x99 and the integral of x100 is x101/101 + c. Proof Calculus of variationsCalculus of variations is a field of mathematics which deals with functions of functions, as opposed to ordinary calculus which deals with functions of numbers. Such functionals can for example be formed as integrals involving an unknown function and its Calculus (dental)In dentistry, calculus or tartar refers to hardened plaque on the teeth, formed by the presence of saliva, debris, and minerals. Its rough surface provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth, threatening the health of the gums and absorbing unaesthetic Calculus of a Single Variable: Early Transcendental FunctionsCalculus of a Single Variable: Early Transcendental Functions ISBN 0618223088 is a textbook written by Bruce H. Edwards, Robert P. Hostetler, Ron Larson. The third edition was released in 2001. This is an introductory calculus text. There is a CD-ROM vers Calculus of Communicating SystemsThe Calculus of Communicating Systems (or CCS is a process calculus developed by Robin Milner. Its actions model indivisible communications between exactly two participants. The formal language includes primitives for describing parallel composition, choi Calculus of Broadcasting Systems Calculus of Constructions Calculus ratiocinator Calculus of negligence Calculus (disambiguation)