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In Spanish colonial times, Yucatán (like most of New Spain) was under a legal caste system, with officials born in Spain at the top, the Creoles of Spanish descent in the next level, followed by the Mestizo population, then the native "Hidalgos", descendants of the Pre-Columbian nobility who had collaborated with the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, and at the bottom were the mass of native Indios.
With independence there was much rhetoric of a new equality before the law, but little actually changed other than the Creoles taking over the role of the Spaniards at the top of the political pyramid.
The opening of the Caste War is traditionally thought to have been the execution of three Maya at Valladolid, Yucatán for planning an uprising which may have been originally intended to be political rather than a race war. The War seemed rooted in the defense of communal lands against the expansion of private ownership, and as a reaction to the economic and political power and the cultural bigotry of the European Yucatecos.
The greatest success of the Maya revolt was reached in the spring of 1848, with the Europeans driven from most of the peninsula other than the walled cities of CampecheFor the state in Mexico, see State of Campeche. Campeche is a city of Mexico located at latitude 19. 85°N, longitude 90. 53°W, on the shore of the Gulf of Mexico. The city's population estimate for 2002 was 230,910 people. The city was founded in 1540 by and MéridaMerida is the capital city of the state of Yucatan, Mexico. In the center and north part of the state, less than 100 miles form the Gulf of Mexico, at Latitude 20. 97°N Longitude 89. In 2003 the population was about 725,000. Merida was built in the 16th c, with troops holding the road from Mérida to the port of SisalSisal is a seaport town of Yucatan in Mexico. It was the principal port of Yucatan during the henequen boom, later overshadowed when the more modern port of Progreso, Yucatan was built to the east. It lent its name to the agave-derived sisal fiber which w. The Yucatecan governor Miguel BarbachanoMiguel Barbachano y Tarrazo ( 1806 17 December, 1859) was a liberal Yucatecan politician, who was 5 times governor of Yucatan between 1841 and 1853. Miguel Barbachano was born in Campeche. He was one of the staunchest advocates for the independence of Yuc had prepared a decree for the evacuation of Mérida, but was apparently delayed in publishing it by the lack of suitable paper in the besieged capital. The decree became unnecessary when the republican troops suddenly broke the siege and took the offensive with major advances. The majority of the Maya troops, not realizing the unique strategic advantage of their situation, had left the lines to plant their crops, planning to return after planting.
Yucatán had considered itself an independent nation, but during the crisis of the revolt had offered sovereignty to any nation that would aid in defeating the Indians. The Mexican government was in a rare position of being cash rich from payment by the United StatesThe United States of America also referred to as the United States U. America š or the States is a federal republic in central North America, stretching from the Atlantic in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. It shares land borders with Canada in under the Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. Under the treaty, Mexico surrendered a vast tract of land (known as the Mexican Cession) to the United States for a sum of USD $15 million. The cession included parts of t for the territory taken in the Mexican-American WarThe Mexican-American War was a war fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848. It is also called the US-Mexico War . In the US it is also known as the Mexican War in Mexico it is also known as the North American Invasion of Mexico t, and accepted Yucatán's offer. Yucatán was officially reunited with Mexico on 17 August, 1848. European Yucateco forces rallied, aided by fresh guns, money, and troops from Mexico, and pushed back the Maya from more than half of the state.
In the 1850s a stalemate developed, with the Yucatecan government in control of the north-west, and the Maya in control of the south-east, with a sparsely populated jungle frontier in between.
In 1850, the Maya of the south east were inspired to continue the struggle by the apparition of the "Talking Cross." This apparition, believed to be a way in which God communicated with the Maya, dictated that the War continue. Chan Santa Cruz (Small Holy Cross) became the religious and political center of the Maya resistance and the rebellion came to be infused with religious significance. Chan Santa Cruz also became the name of the largest of the independent Maya states, as well as the name of the capital town. The followers of the Cross were known as "Cruzob".
The government of Yucatán first declared the war over in 1855, but hopes for peace were premature. There were regular skirmishes, and occasional deadly major assults into eachother's territory, by both sides. The United Kingdom recognized the Chan Santa Cruz Maya as a de facto independent nation, in part because of the major trade between Chan Santa Cruz and British Honduras.
Negotiations in 1883 led to a treaty signed on 11 January, 1884 in Belize City by a Chan Santa Cruz general and the vice-Governor of Yucatán recognizing Mexican sovereignty over Chan Santa Cruz in exchange for Mexican recognition of Chan Santa Cruz leader Crescencio Poot as "Governor" of the "State" of Chan Santa Cruz, but the following year there was a coup d'état in Chan Santa Cruz, and the treaty was declared cancelled.
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