 |
Business | Industries | Finance | Tax |
| Index: > A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
|
|||||
| First Prev [ 1 2 3 ] Next Last |
Cathedrals were some of the most ambitious architectural projects conceived in their time, far exceeding the size and complexity of most other buildings and often requiring many years to construct. Herein we describe some of the common elements of cathedral architecture and how they have varied from place to place and time to time.
Because of their complexity and history, cathedral architecture has a unique jargon, used in this article, that may be unfamiliar. Consult the articles in the See also section for more details.
The evolution of the various styles in England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain, is dealt with under the general article on architecture. Here we deal with the development of the eastern end of English and foreign cathedrals, as it was in those that the greatest changes from the middle of the 11th century to the close of the 14th century took place.
From the architectural point of view there is special treatment as regards dimensions and style for a cathedral church, which differs from the requirements for a church or abbey. There are cases when the former are comparatively small buildings (like the old cathedral at Athens), and some parish churches and abbeys are larger than many cathedrals. In recent times, indeed, some English abbeys or minsters, such as those of Ripon, Manchester, St Albans and Southwell, partly on account of their dimensions, have been raised to the rank of cathedrals, in consequence of the demand for additional sees. Others, such as those of Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford, Chester and Peterborough, became cathedrals only on the Dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII of EnglandHans Holbein the Younger Henry VIII ( 28 June 1491 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. He was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII. He is.
The essential element of a cathedralA Cathedral is a Christian church that serves as the central church of a bishopric. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive edifices, the term is sometimes also used loosely as a designation for any large important church. The term is not official is the cathedraCathedra is a Latin word for throne''. Originally, it designates any chair with armrests; in ancient times, this was commonly seen as a sign of authority. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word came to be associated with the bishop's throne, which stands, the throne of the bishopA bishop is an ordained person who holds a specific position of authority in any of a number of Christian churches. Bishops in the New Testament The bishop's role is typically called the " episcopacy", because the word "bishop" is derived ultimately from. Also, there are usually 2 separate areas or chapelA chapel is a church other than a parish church, often attached to a larger institution such as a college, a hospital, a palace, or a prison. One of the best known is that at King's College, Cambridge, which has a renowned choir. Another famous chapel iss, one which houses the Blessed SacramentThe Blessed Sacrament is a devotional name used by Roman Catholics to refer to a consecrated host that is, a communion wafer which Catholics believe has actually become the body and blood of Jesus Christ at the moment of the Consecration during the Liturg, and the other which is used for the singing of the Holy OfficeHoly Office can refer to: the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, now called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith the historical Inquisition another word for the Mass (liturgy).. Non-Cathedral churches would usually have only one central area.
The earliest extended development of the eastern end of the cathedral is that which was first set out in Edward the Confessor's church at Westminster, probably borrowed from the ancient church of St Martin at Tours; in this church, dating probably back to the 10th century, two new elements are found:
Gloucester (1089) also had three chapels, two of which, on the north and south sides of the aisle, still remain; the same is found in Canterbury (1096-1107) and Norwich (1089-1119), the stern chapel in all three cases having been taken down to ake way for the Lady-chapel in Gloucester and Norwich, and the Trinity chapel in Canterbury cathedral. The semicircular aisle is said to have existed in the Anglo-Norman cathedral of Winchester, but the eastern end being square, two chapels were arranged filling the north and south ends, and an apsidal chapel projecting beyond the east wall. This semicircular processional aisle with chevet chapels was the favourite of plan in the Anglo-Norman cathedrals, and was followed to about the middle of the 12th century, when the English builders in some cases returned to the square east end instead of semicircular apsidal termination. The earliest example of this exists in Romsey Abbey (c, 1130), where the processional crosses behind the presbytery, there being eastern apsidal chapels in the axis of the presbytery aisle and a central rectangular chapel beyond. A similar arrangement is found in Hereford cathedral, and exists in Winchester, Salisbury, Durham, Albans, Exeter, Ely, Wells and Peterborough, except that in those cases (except Wells) the eastern chapels are square led; in Wells cathedral the most eastern chapel (the Lady Chapel) has a polygonal termination; in Durham, the tern chapels are all in one line, constituting the chapel of the altars, which was probably borrowed from the eastern end of untains Abbey.
It should be noted that in some of the above designs, original design has been transformed in rebuilding; thus in Albans, Durham, York and Exeter cathedrals, there was no tern ambulatory but three parallel apses, in some cases rectangular externally. In Southwell, Rochester and Ely, there was no processional path or ambulatory round the end; in Carlisle no eastern chapels; and in Oxford only one central apse. In Ely cathedral the great central tower built by the first Norman abbot (1082-1094) fell down in 1321, tying with it portions of the adjoining bays of the nave, nsept and choir. Instead of attempting to rebuild the tower, Alan of Walsingham conceived the idea of obtaining a much larger area in the centre of the cathedral, and instead of rebuilding the piers of the tower he took as the base of his design a central octagonal space, the width of which was equal to that of nave and aisles, with wide arches to nave, transepts and choir, and smaller arches across the octagonal sides; from shafts in the eight pier angles, ribs in wood project forward and carry a smaller octagon on which the lantern rests. Internally the effect of this central octagon is of great beauty and originality, and it is the only instance of such a feature in English Gothic architecture.
| Politics | Business | Finance |
 |
 |
 |
|