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A cardinal enjoyes many privileges. If the cardinal is not a bishop, he is allowed the ceremonial privileges of one, such as being saluted by being kissed on the ring, which all cardinals receive on elevation along with the red biretta and zucchetto. Cardinals are also distinguished by their bright red vestments the color symbolizing their willingness to die for the faith if necessary. Cardinals also place a red galero above their coat of arms, since the galero is the ancient symbol of their office. A cardinal takes the style Eminence, and upon elevation the word "Cardinal" becomes part of the prelate's name, coming immediately before the surname. As an example, the full style of Cardinal Pell is "His Eminence, George Cardinal Pell, Archbishop of Sydney."
The cardinals did not always elect the Pope: the Pope was originally elected by the people of RomeRome ( Italian and Latin Roma is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. It is located on the lower Tiber river, near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50'N, 12°15'E. The Vatican City State, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat of the Roman, but during the medieval times the right of election was gradually restricted until only cardinals possessed it. But the current Pope or any future Pope could substitute another body of electors for the College of Cardinals at any time; in fact there have been proposals in the past to have the Synod of Bishops perform this function (the proposals have not been adopted because, among other reasons, the Synod of Bishops can only meet when called by the Pope).
In early modern times, EnglishEngland is the largest, the most populous, and the most densely populated of the four " Home Nations" which make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). Occupying the south-eastern portion of the island of Great Britain, England and FrenchThe French Republic or France ( French: Republique francaise or France is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. monarchs had cardinals as their chief ministers -
WolseyCardinal Thomas Wolsey (c. 1475 1530), born in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, was an English statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the most powerful person in England for many years. The son of a butcher, Wolsey was educated at Magdale in England, Richelieu and Mazarinin France. These men were cardinals, not because of their religious duties, but because it allowed their kings to pay them from church revenues. Rome accepted the loss of some revenue in order to protect the rest of its property and revenue.
The word 'cardinal' comes from Latin for door-hinge, for the cardinals are supposed to be the 'hinges' of the church. The Latin form of the title is Cardinalis. The term 'cardinal' for a red colour and a red bird derives from cardinals' red vestments.
According to Canon 350 of the Code of Canon Law, the College of Cardinals is divided into three orders:
The cardinal bishops are those cardinals to whom the Pope assigns the title of a suburbicarian church, and such Patriarchs of the Eastern Rite Churches as the Pope sees fit to appoint to the College (Eastern patriarchs retain the titles of their patriarchal sees). The cardinal priests and cardinal deacons are each assigned a title or deaconry in Rome by the Pope. Note that cardinal priests and cardinal deacons are actually bishops.
Originally any Catholic male could be appointed to the College: for example in the 16th century Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. Today only bishops are normally created cardinals. Canon 351 specifically requires that a cardinal at least be in the order of priesthood, and those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. A recent example is Rev. Avery Dulles, S.J., who was a priest at the time of his elevation to Cardinal in 2001. He successfully petitioned the Pope for a dispensation from episcopal consecration due to advanced age.
Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70 (6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, 14 cardinal deacons), after the College had expanded in the 16th century. Popes since John XXIII have disregarded this limitation in order to make the college of cardinals a more representative body. Only those cardinals under age of eighty (nominally limited in number to 120 by Paul VI, but John Paul II has disregarded this as well) participate in the election of the pope. The cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian dioceses elect the Dean of the College of Cardinals to be the head of the college (the dean is primus inter pares); the election must be approved by the Pope. The present Dean is His Eminence Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.Pope John Paul II elevated an additional 31 cardinals in a consistory on October 21, 2003, bringing the number of cardinal electors to 135 out of a total of 194 in the College of Cardinals. As of November 18, 2004 cardinal electors numbered 122 and the College as a whole 185.
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