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Chancellor ( Latin: cancellarius), an official title used by most of the peoples whose civilization has arisen directly or indirectly out of the Roman empire. At different times and in different countries it has stood and stands for very various duties, and has been, and is, borne by officers of various degrees of dignity. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice- ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. 1 Government Chancellors
1.1 Austria
The Chancellor of Austria or Bundeskanzler, is the title for the head of government in Austria. In Austrian politics the Bundeskanzler position is somewhat equivalent to that of a Prime Minister.
1.2 Germany
As in Austria, the Chancellor of Germany or Bundeskanzler, is the title for the head of government in Germany. In German politics the Bundeskanzler position is somewhat equivalent to that of a Prime Minister, and is elected by the Bundestag, the German Parliament.
After the unification of Germany, in 1871, the Chancellor of the Reich or Reichskanzler, served not only as head of government, but also as presiding officer of the Bundesrat, the upper house of the German imperial parliamentAlternative meanings: Parliamentary system, Parliament (band), Parliament (cigarette). A parliament is a legislative body, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system derived from that of the United Kingdom.. After the collapse of the German monarchy in 1918, the German chancellor no longer presided over the upper house of parliament.
1.3 France
For centuries, the King of France appointed a Chancellor or Chancelier de France, an office associated with that of keeper of the sealsIn the context of the Politics of France under the Republic, Keeper of the Seals Garde des Sceaux is a title held by the Minister of Justice. Formerly, this title belonged to the Chancellor, the ancien regime counterpart of the minister of justice. The Mi. The chancelier was responsible for some judicial proceedings. During the reigns of Louis VIIILouis XVIII ( November 17, 1755- September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. Louis-Stanislas-Xavier was born on November 17, 1755 in the Palace of Vers, Charles XCharles X ( October 9 1757 November 6 1836) was born at the Palace of Versailles. He was the grandson of Louis XV and his Polish queen, Marie Leszczynska and son of Louis (the uncrowned dauphin) and his German wife, Maria-Josefa of Saxe. He was crowned Ki and Louis Philippe, the Chancellor of FranceThe French Republic or France ( French: Republique francaise or France is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. presided over the Chamber of Peers, the upper house of the royal French parliament.
1.4 Finland
In FinlandSuomen TasavaltaRepubliken Finland ( In Detail) ( In Detail) National motto: None Official languages Finnish and Swedish Capital Helsinki President Tarja Halonen Prime minister Matti Vanhanen Area Total % water Ranked 64th 337,030 km² 9. 4% Population Tot the Chancellor of Justice (Oikeuskansleri, Justitiekanslern) supervises the legality of actions taken by Government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the Chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet, the Council of State.
