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The characters huang (皇 huang "godking") and di (帝 "sage king") were used separately and never consecutively (See Three Huang and five Di), and reserved for mythological rulers until the first emperor of Qin ( Qin Shi Huang). The emperor or huangdi (皇帝 in pinyin: huang2 di4) of China then became the title of head of state of China from the Qin dynasty ( 221) to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

From the Han dynasty, huangdi was abbreviated to huang or di. Qing (卿);, Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕) became synonymSynonyms are different words with similar or identical meanings. Antonyms are words with opposite or nearly opposite meanings. Synonym and antonym are antonyms. An example of synonyms are the words cat and feline''. Each describes any member of the familys for court officials.

Although formally the son of heaven, the power of the emperor varied between emperors and dynasties, with some emperors being absolute rulers and others being figureheads with actual power lying in the hands of court factions, eunuchs, the bureaucracy or noble families.

The title of emperor was transmitted from father to son. Usually the first born of the queen inherited the office, but this rule was not universal and disputes over succession were the cause of a number of civil wars. Unlike the Emperor of JapanThe Emperor of Japan (, tenno is Japan's titular head of state and the head of the Japanese imperial family. From the dawn of history until the mid-twentieth century the role of the Emperor has alternated between that of a high-rank cleric with largely sy, Chinese political theory allowed for a change in dynasty and an emperor could be replaced by a rebel leader. It was generally not possible for a female to succeed to the throne and in the history of China there has only been one reigning Empress, Wu Zetian of the Tang dynasty.

1 How to read the titles of a Chinese sovereign

All sovereigns are denoted by a string of Chinese characters.

Examples:

1. Han Gao Zu Liu Bang (漢 高祖 劉邦 han4 gao1 zu3 liu2 bang1)
   
2. Tang Tai Zong Li Shi Min (唐 太宗 李世民 tang2 tai4 zong1 li3 shi4 min2)
   
3. Wei Wu Di Cao Cao (魏 武帝 曹操 wei4 wu3 di4 cao2 cao1)
   
4. Hou Han Gao Zu Liu Zhi Yuan (後漢 高祖 劉知遠 hou4 han4 gao1 zu3 liu2 zhi1 yuan3)
   
5. Han Guang Wu Di Liu Xiu (漢 光武帝 劉秀 han4 guang1 wu3 di4 liu2 xiu4)
   

The first character(s) are the name of the dynasty or kingdom. e.g. Han, Tang, Wei and Hou Han.

Then come the characters of how the sovereign is commonly called, in most of the times the posthumous names or the temple names. e.g. Gao Zu, Tai Zong, Wu Di, Guang Wu Di

Then follow the characters of their family and first names. e.g. Liu Bang, Li Shi Min, Cao Cao, Liu Zhi Yuan and Liu Xiu

In contemporary historical texts, the string including the name of dynasty and temple or posthumous names is sufficient enough as a clear reference to a particular sovereign.

e.g. Han Gao Zu

Note that Wei Wu Di Cao Cao never was a sovereign but his son was. Thus he was revered as Wu Di. Cao Cao is good enough for reference.

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