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Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. Examples include the right to vote and anti- discrimination laws . Civil rights movements usually want equal protection of the laws for minorities, as well as new laws outlawing discrimination and its vestiges. Civil rights effectively upholds the values of positive liberty.1 United States
Main article: American Civil Rights Movement
Civil rights struggles in the US have been dominated by racial politics. Although slavery was abolished and freed slaves were given the right to vote in 1865, southern states used laws and vigilantism to maintain black Americans as a non-voting lower caste often subject to totalitarian rules of conduct. The federal government, while aware of the situation, had limited jurisdiction over these matters and feared the political effects of provoking the South. A breakthrough came when president Harry S. TrumanTruman Order 33rd President Term of Office April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Predecessor Franklin Delano Roosevelt Successor Dwight D. Eisenhower Date of Birth Thursday, May 8, 1884 Place of Birth Lamar, Missouri Date of Death Tuesday, December 26, 1972 Pla integrated the armed forces by executive orderAn Executive Order is a legally binding edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government, usually the head of that branch. In other countries, they may be known as decrees. President of the United States In the United States, The president in 19481948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 Nationalisation of UK railways to form British Railways. Arab militants lay siege to the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. First day of the Ital. This action prompted a broad movement throughout the 1950sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Years: 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 Events and trends Technology United States tests the first fusion bomb., 1960sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around, and 1970sMillennia: 1st millennium 2nd millennium 3rd millennium Centuries: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Years: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Events and trends to enforce the civil rights of black Americans.
Other civil rights trends in the US include the increasingly liberal interpretation of the Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights is the name given to the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. When the Constitution was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification, many of its opponents claimed that the Constitution did not include a bill, the protection of laborers from abuse by employers, and the ongoing development of the rights of homosexuals. The abortion controversy in the US has been described as a civil rights issue, although each side claims to protect the rights of a different group.
2 Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland the Civil Rights Movement developed in the 1960s among nationalists in Northern Ireland who demanded an end to what was seen as Unionist discrimination, in the form of the gerrymandering of local electoral districts to ensure the victory of unionist candidates in areas with nationalist majorities, and in discrimination in the awarding of local authority housing. One of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement was future Nobel Peace Prize winner John Hume, another, Austin Currie, a candidate for President of Ireland in 1990. Hume's co-Nobel Lauraute, David Trimble, leader of the Ulster Unionist Party in the 1990s and 2000s, called the Northern Ireland of the 1960s a "cold house for Catholics".
