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The hardware used to link nodes together is usually called interconnect and consists of Network Interface Cards, or NICs, Switches and cables. The choice of interconnect depends on many factors. For fine-grained applications, where the nodes need to communicate often, the interconnect must be fast or the application suffers waiting for the network.
In terms of Software, clustering can either be used to provide reliability (when one machines fails, the other(s) take over its workload) or as a means to inexpensively provide large amounts of computing power. See computer cluster.
Disambiguation