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In general, a concept is considered concrete if it is not abstract: it must be both particular and an individual, and hence occupy both space and time. To say that a physical object is concrete is to say, approximately, that it is a particular individual that is located at a particular place and time.

See particular; individual; abstract.


In construction, concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and cement binder. The most common form of concrete is portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term concrete.

The AssyrianNote This article has been the subject of contention and is currently being completely re-edited at Assyrian/Revision For the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom, see Assyria. Assyrians are the indigenous people of north Iraq members of the Assyrian Church of ths and Babylonians used clay as cement in their concretes. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. In the Roman Empire60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under t cements made from pozzolanic ashPozzolanic ash is a siliceous and aluminous material which reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. This allowed it to be used in the Roman Empire to make cement. Pozzolanic ash occurs na were used to make a concrete very similar to modern portland cement concrete. In 1756, British engineer John Smeaton pioneered the use of portland cement in concrete, and used pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. In the modern day, the use of recycled/reused materials as concrete ingredients are gaining popularity due to increasingly stringent environmental legislation. The most conspicuous of these are pulverised fuel ash (pfa), recycled from the ash by-products of coal power plants. This has a significant impact in reducing the amount of quarrying and the ever attenuating landfill space.

Concrete has great compressive strength, but little tensile strength. To overcome this limitation, concrete is most often constructed with the addition of steel reinforcement bars ( rebars), steel mesh, or cables, to produce reinforced concrete. Concrete can also be prestressed, allowing for beams or slabs with a longer span than is practical with reinforced concrete.

Concrete is also made with asphalt or epoxy as a binder.

See also: Building construction


There is a comic book series, Concrete, by Paul Chadwick .

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