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Since the Dead Sea is lower than its surroundings, the only outflow of water is by evaporation. The water level thus depends on whether the water flowing in balances the evaporative loss.
The Dead Sea is seriously threatened by diversion of water from the Jordan River and smaller tributaries to supply Israel and Jordan, and by an Israeli potash mine that increases evaporation. The water level has been dropping by as much as one meter per year, and the total surface area is now almost 1/3 less than it was 50 years ago. Plans to save the Dead Sea include the possibility of pumping sea water from the Red Sea, but there are many serious difficulties and no agreement has been reached.
The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity means no fish or macroscopic aquatic organisms can live in it, although bacteria and microbial fungi are present. The salinity of the Dead Sea varies according to depth with the surface water being approximately 15% saline (5 times the average ocean salinity) and water near the bottom being saturated, such that salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor. The mineral content of the Dead Sea is significantly different from that of ocean water, consisting of approximately 53% magnesium chlorideMagnesium chloride is a salt, consisting of magnesium and chlorine atoms. Its chemical formula is MgCl. Magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water, and is a commonly used source of magnesium metal, which can be extracted from MgCl using e, 37% potassium chlorideThe chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide which is used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing and in judicial execution through lethal injection. It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite and in combination with sod and 8% sodium chlorideProperties General Name Sodium chloride Chemical formula Na Cl Appearance White or clear solid CAS-number 7647-14-5 Physical Formula weight 58. 4 amu Melting point 1074 K (801 °C) Boiling point 1738 K (1465 °C) Density 2. 2 ×103 kg/ m3 Crystal structure f (table salt) with the remainder comprised of various trace elements.
The concentration of SO4 ions is very low, and the bromineBromine (from Gr. Bromos meaning "stench"), is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at room temperature which has a reactivity between chlorine and iodine ions concentration is the highest of all waters on Earth. Chlorides neutralize most of the calciumSee also Calcium, New York, United States. potassium calcium scandium Mg Ca Sr Full table General Name, Symbol, Numbercalcium, Ca, 20 Series alkaline earth metal Group, Period, Block 2 (IIA), 4, s Density, Hardness 1550 kg/m3, 1. 75 Appearance silvery whi ions in the Dead Sea and its surroundings. While in other seas NaCl is 97%, in the Dead Sea the quantity of the NaCl is only 12-18 percent. The water temperature goes from 19 degrees Celsius in February to 31 degrees Celsius in August.
The water of the Dead Sea contains 21 minerals including magnesiumMagnesium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element and constitutes about 2% of the Earth's crust, and it is the third most plentiful element dissolved in seawa, calcium, bromine and potassiumpotassium calcium Na K Rb Full table General Name, Symbol, Numberpotassium, K, 19 Series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1(IA), 4 , s Density, Hardness 856 kg/m3, 0. 4 Appearance silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 39. 0983 amu Atomic radius. Twelve of these are found in no other sea or ocean, and some are recognized for imparting a relaxed feeling, nourishing the skin, activating the circulatory system and for easing rheumatic discomfort and metabolic disorders. Comparison between the chemical composition of the Dead Sea to other lakes and oceans show that the salt's concentration in the Dead Sea is 31.5%. Because of its unusually high concentration of salt, anyone can float in the Dead Sea easily because of natural buoyancy.
The Dead Sea area has become a major center for health research and treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the waters, the very low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each have specific health effects. For example persons suffering reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis, seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure.
Sunlight at the Dead Sea is high in therapeutic UVA rays and low in burning UVB, so extended exposure is safe and low-risk. The filtering effect comes from a thick atmosphere: the Dead Sea is about 1,200 feet below sea level and the ozone layer above it is minimally depleted. The Dead Sea is the only place on Earth where you can sunbathe for extended periods with little or no sunburn because harmful ultraviolet rays are filtered through three natural layers: an extra atmospheric layer, an evaporation layer that exists above the Dead Sea, and a rather thick ozone layer.
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