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In contemporary inscriptions, he is called by his Horus or Nebti-name , Netjerikhet. Later sources, which include a New Kingdom reference to his Step Pyramid, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person.
While Manetho names one Necherophes, and the Turin King List names Nebka, as the first ruler of the Third dynasty, some contemporary Egyptologists believe Djoser was the first king of this dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some predecessors of Khufu are mentioned in the Papyrus Westcar suggests that Nebka should be placed between Djoser and Huni , and not before Djoser.
Manetho also states Djoser ruled for 29 years, while the Turin King List states it was for 19. It is possible that Manetho's number is a mistake for the earlier Turin King List; and it is possible that the author of the Turin King List confused the bi-annual cattle censuses as years, and that Djoser actually reigned for 37 or 38 years. Because of his many building projects, particularly at Saqqara, some scholars argue that Djoser must have ruled for at least 29 years.
Because Queen Nimaethap , the wife of Khasekhemwy the last king of the Second dynasty, appears to have held the title of "Mother of the King", some writers argue that she was Djoser's mother and Khasekhemwy was his father. Three royal women are known from during his reign: Inetkawes, Hetephernebti and a third one whose name is destroyed. One of them might have been his wife, and the one whose name is lost may have been Nimaethap. The relationship between Djoser and his successor, Sekhemkhet , is not known.
Djoser sent several military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions to the Sinai where they mined for valuable minerals like turquoise and copperCopper is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Notable characteristics Copper is a reddish-coloured metal, with a high electrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals at room temperature, only silver. It was also strategically important as a buffer between Asia and the NileThe Nile ( Arabic: an-nil , in Africa, is one of the two longest rivers on Earth. Whether the Nile is longer than South America's Amazon still remains the subject of much debate. This is, for the most part, due to two reasons: first, the lengths of rivers valley. He also may have fixed the southern boundary of his kingdom at the First Cataract .
Some fragmentary reliefs found at HeliopolisHeliopolis ( Arabic Masr el-Gedida literally "New Egypt") was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt and is today a suburb of Cairo. Originally it stood five miles east of the Nile at the apex of the Delta, but the modern city is some distance away. and Gebelein mention Djoser's name and suggest that he had commissioned construction projects in those cities. An inscription claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but actually created during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of the god Khnum on the island of ElephantineElephantine is an island in the River Nile, located just downstream of the First Cataract at 24°05' N, 32°53' E. It measures some 1. 2 km from north to south, and is about 400 m across at its widest. It is a part of the modern Egyptian city of Aswan. at the First Cataract, thus ending a famine in Egypt. While this inscription is but a legendA legend (Latin, legenda "things to be read") is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Djoser was still remembered.
See also: Pyramid of Djoser
Other ways his name has been spelled include: Zoser, Dzoser, Dsr, Djoser, Djeser, Zoser, Zosar, Djéser, Djésèr, Horus-Netjerikhet, Horus-Netjerichet
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