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Engelbart received a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Oregon State University in 19481948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 Nationalisation of UK railways to form British Railways. Arab militants lay siege to the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. First day of the Ital, a Bachelor of Engineering degree from UC Berkeley in 1952Summary of notable events in 1952 . Events January events January 8 West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders. January 24 Sudden heavy snowfall in Algeria. January 24 Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada., and a Ph.D. from UC BerkeleyThe University of California, Berkeley (also known as Cal Berkeley UCB or UC Berkeley is a public, coeducational university situated in the foothills of Berkeley, California to the east of San Francisco Bay, overlooking the Golden Gate and its bridge. in 19551955 is a common year starting on Saturday. see link for calendar) Events January events January 2 Panama president Jose Antonio Remon is assassinated. January 19 The Scrabble board game debuts. February events February 8 Nikolai Bulganin ousts Georgi Mal.
As a World War IIWorld War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The war was fough radioFor other uses see: radio (disambiguation Radio is a technology that allows the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of light. Radio waves Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and are tech based in the Philippines, Engelbart was inspired by Vannevar Bush's article " As We May Think". After the war, following his inspiration, Engelbart studied at UC Berkeley, where he earned a Ph.D. in 1955. He spent over a year trying to create an unsuccessful startup, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctorate research into storage devices, then found a job at the Stanford Research Institute across the bay in Palo Alto.
Historian of science Thierry Bardini has persuasively argued that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research endeavors) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology. Bardini has also pointed out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the sophistication of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new technologies. He thus set himself to the task of developing better technologies for manipulating information and improving processes for knowledge-work.At SRI, Engelbart was the primary force behind the design of the On-Line System, or NLS. He and his team at the Augmentation Research Center (the lab he founded) developed computer-interface elements such as bit-mapped screens, multiple windows, groupware, hypertext and precursors to the graphical user interface. He developed many of his user interface ideas back in the mid- 1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most individuals were kept away from computers, and could only use computers through intermediaries.
In 1970 Engelbart received a patent for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse U.S. Patent # 3,541,541), describing it in the patent application as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end. It was also called the bug at the time but eventually this practice died out. He never received any royalties for his mouse invention, partly because his patent expired in 1987, before the personal computer revolution made the mouse an indispensable input device, and also because subsequent mice used different mechanisms that did not infringe upon the original patent.
Because Engelbart's research and tool-development for online collaboration and interactive human-computer interfaces was partially funded by ARPA, SRI's ARC and UCLA became the first two nodes on the ARPANET (the precursor of the Internet). ARC also served as the first Network Information Center , and thus managed the directory for connections among all ARPANET nodes.
Due to various misfortunes, Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity after 1976. Several of Engelbart's best researchers became alienated from him and fled when Xerox PARC raided ARC for talent. The Mansfield Amendment, the end of the Vietnam War, and the end of Project Apollo sapped ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA. SRI's management never really understood what Engelbart was doing, and put the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bert Raphael , who fired Engelbart (from the lab that Engelbart had founded) in 1976. Engelbart's house in Atherton burned down shortly afterwards, causing him even further problems.
In 1978, a company called Tymshare bought NLS, hired its creator as a Senior Scientist, and offered commercial services based upon NLS. Engelbart soon found himself marginalized and relegated to obscurity--operational concerns superceded Engelbart's desire to do further research. Various executives at Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas (which took over Tymshare in 1982) expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them. He left McDonnell in 1986.
Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have begun to recognize the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions.
In 1996 he was awarded the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the Turing Award. In 1999 Paul Saffo, from the Institute for the Future , hosted a large symposium at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas. And in 2001 he was awarded a British Computer Society's Lovelace Medal.
Currently (at age 79 in 2004), he is the director of his own company, the Bootstrap Institute which he founded in 1988 with his daughter, Christina Engelbart . It is located in Fremont, California and promotes Engelbart's latest refinement of his philosophy, the concept of Collective IQ, and development of what he calls Open Hyper-Document Systems (OHS), and HyperScope, a subset of OHS. Bootstrap is housed rent-free courtesy of the Logitech Corp., the world's largest manufacturer of computer mice.
See also: History of the graphical user interface
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