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Home > Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client-server networking protocol. A DHCP server provides configuration parameters specific to the DHCP client host requesting, generally, information required by the host to participate on the Internet network. DHCP also provides a mechanism for allocation of IP addresses to hosts.

DHCP appeared as a standard protocol in October 1993. RFC 2131 provides the latest ( March 1997) DHCP definition.

The latest work on a protocol describing DHCPv6, DHCP in a IPv6 environment, was published in July 2003 as RFC 3315

1 IP Address Allocation

The DHCP protocol provides three methods of IP address allocation:

• manual allocation, where the allocation is based on a table with MAC address - IP address pairs manually filled by the server admin. Only requesting clients with a MAC address listed in this table get the IP address according to the table.
• automatic allocation, where a free IP address of a range given by the admin is permanently assigned to a requesting client.
• dynamic allocation, the only method which provides dynamic reuse of IP addresses. A network administrator assigns a range of IP addresses to DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN has its TCP/IP software configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server when that client computer's network interface card starts up. The request-and-grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period. This eases the network installation procedure on the client computer side considerably.

Some DHCP server implementations can update the DNS name associated with the client hosts to reflect the new IP address by way of the DNS update protocol which was established with RFC 2136.

2 Client Configuration Parameters

A DHCP server can provide optional configurations to the client. DHCP Options are defined in RFC 2132

List of configurable options:

• DNS server addresses
• a DNS name
• gateway IP address
• broadcast address
• subnet mask
• ARP cache timeout
• MTUThe Maximum Transmission Unit MTU is a term for the size (in bytes) of the largest datagram that can be passed by a layer of a communications protocol. In the Internet Protocol the 'path MTU' of an Internet transmission path is defined to be the smallest for the interface
• NISThe Network Information Service or NIS is Sun Microsystems' " Yellow Pages" (YP) client-server directory service protocol for distributing system configuration data such as user and host names between computers on a computer network. NIS/YP is used for ke or NIS+ servers
• NIS or NIS+ domain
• NTPThe Network Time Protocol NTP is a protocol for synchronising the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched, variable- latency data networks. NTP is a purely UDP/IP protocol, not TCP/IP. It is designed particularly to resist the effects of variable Servers
• SMTP server
• TFTP server
• WINSWINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) is a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively, it is to NetBIOS names what DNS is to IP Addresses a central store for information, so that when a client needs to contact a computer on the netwo name server

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