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Virtually no writings of the Ebionites have survived ( see below), except as excerpted in the writings of orthodox Christian theologians, such as Irenaeus, Hippolytus, and Tertullian, who considered the Ebionites to be " heretics."
Pauline Christians sometimes distinguished the Ebionites from the Nazarenes, one author often depending upon another for his assessment. Without surviving texts, it is not easy now for us to establish exactly the basis for their distinction.
All these sources within mainstream Pauline Christianity agree that the Ebionites denied the divinityDivinity is seen as the existence of some entity or entities which are greater than humankind. There are many forms of divinity, based upon the religious beliefs of the person or persons viewing the divine. In Christianity the concept of divinity is held of Jesus, the doctrine of the TrinityThis article concerns the holy Trinity of Christianity. For other uses of trinity see disambiguation. The Blessed Trinity is God, according to the doctrine of most branches of Christianity; the doctrine says that though God is one God, God exists in three and the Virgin BirthThis article refers to the virgin birth of Christ. For information on the biological phenomenon, please see parthenogenesis. The Virgin Birth is a key doctrine of the Christian faith, and is also held to be true by Muslims. The doctrine asserts that Jesus.
The Ebionites emphasized the humanity of Jesus as the mortal son of MaryGabriel delivering the Annunciation to Mary. Painting by El Greco (1575) In Christianity and Islam, Mary ( Judaeo-Aramaic Marym "Bitter"; Septuagint Greek Mariam Maria Arabic: Maryem is the mother of Jesus Christ and the betrothed of Joseph. Historicity M and JosephSaint Joseph also referred to as Joseph the Betrothed and as Joseph of Nazareth was the foster-father of Jesus Christ, according to the New Testament ( Matthew 1:16; Luke 3:23). Not much is known of Joseph except that he was "of the House of David" and li, who was ' adoptedAdoptionism is a view held by some early medieval Christians, that Jesus Christ was born a human only, and was not divine until his baptism, at which point he was adopted as the Son by God the Father. It is one of two main forms of monarchianism; the othe' as a son of GodSon of God is a biblical phrase from the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament. According to Christians it refers to Jesus Christ, whom they believe to be the begotten son of God. Son of God" in Judeo-Christian terms In the Hebrew Bible In the Hebrew Bible, when he was anointed with the Holy SpiritThe Holy Spirit, from the Christian viewpoint,has a distinct function in the Trinity which, while related to God's will, is not God's will personified. The Christian and Jewish views of the Holy Spirit vary greatly. In the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) the at his baptism, and therefore could have become the messianic king-priest of Israel (by virtue of also being both a descendant of king David through his father and a descendant of high priest Aaron through his mother) but was chosen to be the last and greatest of the prophets.
It seems that the Ebionites also rejected the doctrine of atonement for sin through the death of Jesus, and judged posthumous sightings of Jesus as spiritual experiences such as dreams and visions rather than an actual physical resurrection.
The Ebionites revered the Desposyni (a sacred name reserved only for Jesus' blood relatives), especially James the Just, as the legitimate apostolic successors of Jesus, rather than Peter. Epiphanius, a 4th century Church Father and bishop of Salamis, states (Panarion 30.16.6-9) that they criticized Paul as a Greek who converted to Sadduceean Judaism in order to marry the High Priest's daughter, and then apostasized when she rejected him. Therefore, they rejected as a lie Paul's assertion, in his letter to the Philippians (3:5), that he was "circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee" ( TNIV).
Of the books of the New Testament the Ebionites only accepted an Aramaic version of the Gospel of Matthew, referred to as the Gospel of the Hebrews, as scripture. This version of Matthew omitted the first two chapters (on Jesus' virgin birth), and started with Jesus' baptism by John.
Ebionites believed that all followers of Jesus, whether they be Jewish or Gentile, must adhere to Noahide Laws and Mosaic law through an either more restorative ( Essene) or progressive ( Pharisee) interpretation and observance, tempered with the wisdom teachings of Jesus.
Some Ebionites such as Cerinthus adopted Gnostic beliefs but are better identified as Elkasites and were seen as heretics by traditional Ebionites.
The sect did not exert any great influence on Pauline Christianity, and gradually dwindled into obscurity. However, the Ebionites are represented in history as the sect encountered by the Muslim historian Abd al-Jabbar almost 500 years later than most Christian historians admit for the survival of the Ebionites, as al-Jabbar wrote around the year 1000. An additional possible mention of surviving Ebionite communities existing in the lands of the east, Theyma and Thilmes, around the 11th century, is said to be in Sefer Ha'masaoth, the "Book of the Travels" of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela , or Benyamin Bar-Yonnah, a sephardic rabbi of Spain.
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