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Primary education often consists of pre- kindergarten and kindergarten education , followed by six years of school education. These are commonly referred to as "Year 1", "Year 2", and so on, up to "Year 6" or "Year 7".
In Australia, secondary schools are generally referred to as high schools, although the state of Victoria adopted the name secondary college in 1989. The exact length of secondary school varies from state to state, with New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania teaching years 7-12, and Western Australia, Queensland and South Australia teaching years 8-12.
Each state has laws specifying the conditions under which children no longer have to attend school. Generally, children must remain enrolled in high school until age fifteen or completion of year 10.
At the end of high schooling, students generally have an aggregate mark or rank calculated, based upon both school assessment and final exams. Selection for entry into tertiary education courses is most often based upon such an index.
This index is determined on an aggregate measurement based on school assessment tasks and a final examination. In Western Australia, students receive a tertiary entrance rank (TER) based upon their performance in the Tertiary Entrance Examinations (TEE). In New South Wales the index is the University Admissions Index, which is based upon results in the Higher School Certificate (HSC) on condition of completion of the School Certificate and years 11 and 12 of secondary education. In Victoria it is determined using the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). In Queensland students who complete years 11 and 12 receive a Senior Certificate; eligible Senior students are awarded an Overall Position (OP). South Australian students receive a tertiary entrance rank on the basis of their Stage 2 South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) results.
Syllabi and assesment are specified and overseen by the relevant authority in each state. In Victoria this is the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA), in NSW the Board of Studies, in Queensland the Queensland Studies Authority (QSA), in Western Australia the Curriculum Council, and in South Australia the Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia (SSABSA).
School governance has been influenced by the work of Caldwell and Spinks. In essence the thrust of the work of these researchers and thinkers has been to enhance local self management of schools. Introduced across Victoria between 1992 and 1995, school self management dramatically enhanced the role of the principal and the school council. At the time of introduction, the changes in governance were linked with politically inspired budget cuts and the unholy wedding thusly achieved has sullied the reception of self management, particularly with teacher unions.
In Australia, the classification of tertiary qualifications is governed in part by the Australian Qualfications Framework (AQF), which attempts to integrate into a single classification all levels of tertiary education (both vocational and higher education), from trade certificate s to higher doctorateA doctorate is an academic degree of the highest level. Traditionally, the award of a doctorate implies recognition of the candidate as an equal by the university faculty under which he or she has studied. There are essentially three types of doctorates:s. However, the primary usage of AQF is for vocational educationVocational education prepares learners for certain careers or professions, which are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a trade, occupation or 'vocation' in which the learner participates. Vocational education is in most cases a form of se, so the classification it provides at universityA university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University is derived from the Latin universitas meaning corporation since the first medieval-level is rather lacking in detail. Most of the details of the classification is decided upon by each university for itself, although in recent years there have been some informal moves towards standardization between them.
In Australia, higher education awards are classified as follows:
Australian Universities tend to award more named degrees than institutions in some other countries. Most Australian universities offer several different named degrees per a faculty. By contrast, at an undergraduate level at Oxford University, almost all students complete a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), even if they are studying areas such as Chemistry or Economics, whereas at most Australian institutions only students choosing to concentrate in the humanities would be awarded a B.A. However, although there is a large proliferation at the level of Bachelors and Masters, at the Doctorate and Higher Doctorate level most institutions only have four or five degrees in all, and almost all Doctorates are PhDs.
Unlike American institutions, where most medical doctors or lawyers will graduate with an M.D. or J.D., medical doctors and lawyers in Australia generally only graduate with Bachelor's degrees. In Australia, a degree of Doctor is only awarded after original research or honoris causa, although by custom medical doctors are permitted to assume that title without having completed a doctorate. In the case of medical doctors, the most common award is M.B.B.S., the double degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (this is similar to the case in Britain). The most common award for lawyers is LL.B. or BLaws (which are both abbreviations, one Latin and the other English, for Bachelor of Laws). Traditionally in Australia, medical degrees were commenced immediately after secondary education, unlike in the United States where student generally complete an undergraduate degree first before going to medical school. However, some universities are have introduced graduate entry only degrees in medicine, but these are still classified as Bachelors degrees. Law is generally a combined degree (BA/LLB, BSc/LLB, BCom/LLB, etc., depending on the other interests of the student), although some universities offer graduate entry bachelors degrees and most permit in some cases undergraduate entry to non-combined law, although often only to mature age or distance education students.
Australian Bachelor's degrees are commonly only 3 years, unlike the 4 year degrees found in the United States, although some institutions offer 4 year degrees as well. The length of the degree usually depends on the field of study, for example engineering usually takes four years while medicine takes six. Combined degrees are also available and usually add an extra year of study. Australian universities tend to have less of an emphasis on a liberal education than many universities in the U.S., which is reflected in the shorter length of Australian degrees.
Associate degrees have recently been introduced. These generally take two years to complete and could be seen as equivalent to the Associate's degree in the US and the Foundation degree in the UK.
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