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The education system in Germany has a long tradition of compulsory state schools. Under the influence of Lutheran thinking, the Kingdom of Prussia was one of the first states in the world to install free universal school in the 18th century. This was an 8-year course of Volksschule and it provided what was needed in the early period of the industrialized world: reading, writing, arithmetics, but also strict morals and sense of duty, discipline and obedience. The children of the upper class and the affluent went to private schools with preparatory character for four years. The general population had practically no access to secondary education.
After the Napoleonic wars, Prussia introduced the requirement for a teacher to be state-certified (1810), which helped to raise the standard of teaching significantly. In 1812 the Abitur was installed as school-leaving exam for Prussian secondary schools (after it had been invented in 1788 already) and it was accepted all over the German Reich from 1871 on.
When the German Empire was formed in 1871, the school system became more systematic and centralized. More secondary schools were established, as the learned professions demanded well-educated young people. The state claimed the sole right to set standards and to supervise the schools. Three different types of secondary schools developed:
By the turn of the 20th century these three types of schools had achieved equal rank and privilege (though not equal prestige). There were separate secondary schools for girls, which were recognized by Prussia from 1872 on.
After World War I, the Weimar Republic brought the universal 4-year Grundschule (elementary school), free for everybody. Most students stayed at these schools for another 4-year course but those who were able to pay a small fee went to a Mittelschule (Intermediate school) that provided a more challenging curriculum and lasted one or two years longer. Passing a rigorous entrance exam after year 4 students could also enter one of the three types of secondary school that were already known before the War.
The Nazi era (1933-1945) brought indoctrination to the students but basically did not change the school system.
After World War II the Allied powers ( Soviet Union, France, BritainThe word Britain is used to refer to the United Kingdom (UK): i. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (from 1927), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801- 1927) or the United Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707- 1801)., USAThe United States of America also referred to as the United States U. America ¹ or the States is a federal republic in central North America, stretching from the Atlantic in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. It shares land borders with Canada in) saw to it that the Nazi ideas were thrown out and they installed educational systems in their respective occupation zones that reflected their own ideas. When West Germany gained partial independence in 1949, its new constitution ( Grundgesetz) granted educational autonomy to the state ( LänderGermany is a federation of 16 provinces (or states) called Lander (singular Land or officially Bundeslander (singular Bundesland German federal state . Each Land is represented at the federal level in the Bundesrat. The 16 Lander are: # Baden-Wurttemberg) governments. This has led to a widely varying landscape of school systems ever since, often making it difficult for children to continue schooling without problems when their parents have moved across state borders. Multi-state agreements see to it that basic requirements are universally met by all the 16 state school systems. Thus all children have to attend one school type or other "full-time", i.e. five or six days a week, from the age of 6 to the age of 16. If a student shows good abilities, he or she can always change from one school type to another. School-leaving certificates of one state will be recognized by all the others. Teacher training qualifies for teaching posts in every state.
The German Democratic Republic started its own education system in the 1960sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around, for details see Education in East GermanyEducation in East Germany was a high priority for the communist government, and was compulsory from age six to age sixteen. There were state run creches, kindergartens, polytechnical schools, vocational training and universities. Creches As almost all Eas. This system was standardized for the whole republic. At first all students attended the Polytechnische Oberschule (POS - polytechnical high school). Students with very good results could change to the Erweiterte Oberschule (EOS - extended high school), where they could pass their Abitur examinations after 12 school years. The other students could pass their Year 10 examinations at the POS after ten school years. Students with very good Year 10 results could do an apprenticeship with an Abitur.
This system was abolished in the early 1990sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s Years: Events and trends Computers, technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other techn, but it has still some influences on the school life in the eastern German states.
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