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Edward Jenner ( May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor practicing in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, famous for his work introducing the Smallpox vaccine.
Jenner's early education included a spell at Cirencester Grammar School, where one of the school 'houses' was named after him in later years to commemorate his achievements.
In Jenner's time, the practice of smallpox inoculation was commonplace in England. However it had two major disadvantages: it was dangerous, and until the infection from inoculation had run its course, the subject was infected, and infectious, with actual smallpox. This made them a risk to any family or acquaintances not already immune.
There was a local folk tradition amongst those who milked cows, that an infection with the so-called ' cowpox' protected one from contracting smallpox. (It has been theorized that the romantic image of the beautiful milkmaid came from the fact that milkmaids often contracted cowpox, and would thereafter be immune to the disfigurement of smallpox.)
Cowpox is vastly preferable to smallpox and Jenner realised that if the folk tradition were true it offered considerable advantages over the use of smallpox in inoculation. On May 14, 1796, he tested cowpox, infecting an eight year old boy named James Phipps in the same manner as used in smallpox inoculation, but using material from a cowpox pustule. The boy contracted cowpox, and after six weeks, recovered safely. Jenner then applied the standard smallpox inoculation; the boy was completely unaffected, showing that cowpox had made him immune to smallpox.
Jenner called his method vaccination, as the original infective material came from a cow (Vacca is LatinAlternative meanings: See Latin (disambiguation Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and ma for a cow). His work was published as "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Known by the Name of Cow Pox" in 1798Events February- October Irish Rebellion of 1798 April 7 The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U. and Spain April 26 France a. The term virus was introduced in the work aforementioned.
Jenner realised the long-term implications of vaccination, and looked forward to the day when smallpox would no longer be a threat anywhere on earth; his dream eventually reached fruition with the global eradication of smallpox in the late 1970sMillennia: 1st millennium 2nd millennium 3rd millennium Centuries: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Years: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Events and trends.
He studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of John HunterJohn Hunter ( February 13, 1728 October 16, 1793) was a Scottish surgeon regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists of his day. Hunter was born near East Kilbride. He was a younger brother of William Hunter, the anatomist. He studied, taught and, a prominent surgeon in London, then returned to Berkeley to start a practice.
James Phipps' house in Berkeley is now the Jenner Museum.
One of Jenner's interests was hot air balloonHot air balloons are the oldest successful human flight technology, dating back to the Montgolfier brothers' invention in Annonay, France in 1783. The first manned flight was made on November 21, 1783, in Paris by Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlaning. Together with the owner of Berkeley Castle, he made a successful flight to nearby Stroud. The spot where the balloon descended is today the location of the "Air Balloon" public houseA public house usually known as a pub is a drinking establishment found mainly in Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and other countries influenced by an English cultural heritage. A pub which offers accommodation may be called an inn or hostelry..
Jenner was a keen observer of nature and he was one of the first to write about the baby cuckoo's action of pushing the eggs and the young of its host out of the nest so that the baby cuckoo was the only one to receive food from its foster parents. It was for this observation that he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1789.
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