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When referring to equine anatomy, over time horse enthusiasts have often developed terminology for particular features that differs from the correct veterinary terminology. In this article, the acceptable veterinary terminology will be highlighted in bold, whereas the more casual terms will be italicised. The definitive reference for veterinary terminology is the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, although this is not always adhered to by either researchers or clinicians in the field.
The figure below is a lateral photograph of the bones of the forelimb distal to the carpus:
The bones of the equine forelimb distal to the carpus.
The equine forelimb contains three metacarpal bones. These are analogous to the bones within the human palm. The large third metacarpal (informally the cannon or shin bone) provides the major support of the body weight. The smaller second and fourth metacarpals are positioned medially and laterally respectively, toward the palmar side of the third metacarpal. These smaller metacarpals are often called splint bones. The second and fourth metacarpals terminate distally in small residual swellings, which can be palpated on a living horse. The second and fourth metacarpals are joined to the third metacarpal by fibrous tissue, and occasionally by ossified bridges of bone, which often form after trauma to the region.
The proximal sesamoids are paired bones which lie palmar to the metacarpophalangeal joint (the fetlock joint). These bones are joined to each other by a strong intersesamoidean ligament. These bones are sesamoids of the interosseous ligament (the suspensory ligament) of the forelimb.
The proximal phalanx or first phalanx lies immediately distal to the third metacarpal bone, with which it articulates to form the condylar metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint). This joint undergoes large motion in extension (this motion is sometimes called dorsiflexion) during fast locomotion.
The middle phalanx or second phalanx lies distal to the proximal phalanx, forming the proximal interphalangeal joint (the pastern joint). This joint undergoes relatively little movement during locomotion (Degueurce et al., 2001; Crevier-Denoix et al., 2001), although there is evidence to suggest that what little motion it does experience is of quite large importance (Wilson et al., 2001; Ratzlaff and White, 1989).
The distal phalanx or third phalanx (also coffin bone), is the most distal bone of the forelimb, and lies completely within the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint (the coffin joint).
The distal sesamoid, or navicular bone (note that "navicular bone" is acceptable in a veterinary context), articulates closely with the distal phalanx, to which it is connected by the impar ligament of the navicular bone. The impar ligament is very strong and permits relatively little motion between the navicular bone and the distal phalanx.
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