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| Euglenozoa
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Euglenoidea Kinetoplastea Diplonemea Postgaardea
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Most Euglenozoa have two flagella, usually one leading and one trailing, which insert parallel to each other in an apical or subapical pocket. In most forms there is an associated cytostome (mouth) supported by one of three microtubule groups that arise from the flagellar bases. These are characteristic of the group; the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell, and in the euglenids support proteinaceous strips that form a pellicle. A number of other ultrastructural peculiarities also distinguish the group, most notably the presence of a paraxial rod in each flagellum, which respectively have tubular and latticed structures.
Most Euglenozoa feed by ingesting smaller organisms, typically bacteria, or by absorption. A number of euglenids, however, possess chloroplasts and so produce energy through photosynthesis. These have generally lost the cytostome and often have other adaptations to an autotrophic life, such as light-sensitive eyespots. The chloroplasts are contained in three membranes and are pigmented similarly to the plants, suggesting they were retained from some captured green alga.
All Euglenozoa have mitochondria with discoid cristae, which in the kinetoplastids characteristically have a DNA-containing granule or kinetoplast associated with the flagellar bases. No examples of sexual reproduction in the group have been found. Reproduction is exclusively through cell division, characteristically with closed mitosisIn biology, mitosis is the process of chromosome segregation and nuclear division that follows replication of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. This process assures that each daughter nucleus receives a complete copy of the organism's genome. involving an internal spindle. The monophyly of the Euglenozoa is generally accepted, and they are believed to be related to the HeteroloboseaThe Heterolobosea are a group of colorless protists including many that can transform between amoeboid, flagellate, and encysted stages, collectively referred to as schizopyrenids or amoeboflagellates. They also include the acrasids, a small group of cell and other excavateThis article is about the protist group called excavates. For the process of digging, see excavation. The excavates are a major line of flagellate protozoa, including a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms. They are usually characterized by having t flagellates.
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