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The Federal Reserve Act of 1913, also called the Glass-Owen Bill, established the Federal Reserve System in the United States. The bill was proposed as a result of hearings held by a Congressional committee, headed by Representative Arsène Pujo of Louisiana, charged with investigating the control of the U.S. economy by influential bankers. The bill was passed by the Senate on the evening of December 23, 1913 by a vote of 43-25, with 27 Senators absent or abstaining. President Wilson signed the bill into law an hour after its passing. President Wilson later came to regret signing the bill: "I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the civilized world no longer a Government by free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men."
The Federal Reserve System is an independent central bank. Although the President of the United States appoints the chairman of the Fed and this appointment is approved by the United States Senate, the decisions of the Fed do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive branch of the United States government.
According to the United States Constitution, the United States Congress has the power and responsibility to coin money and set its value. In the 1913 Federal Reserve Act, Congress delegated this power to the Federal Reserve. The constitutionality of this type of action has been controversial many times in the United States, most notably in the early 19th century when Congress chartered the Bank of the United States. Although the constitutionality of the Federal Reserve system has not been a topic of recent judicial or legislative controversy, it has been the target of some who strongly distrust the delegation of power to an unelected and what they see as an unaccountable body.
The Federal Reserve System consists of 12 Federal Reserve Banks:
- Boston, MassachusettsAlternate meanings: Boston (disambiguation Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. Boston is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts in the United States. It is the unofficial capital of the region k
- New York, New York
- Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaAlternate meanings: Philadelphia (disambiguation Philadelphia is the fifth-largest city in the United States and the largest city in Pennsylvania, occupying all of Philadelphia County . As of the 2000 census, the population was 1,517,550, but a July 1, 20
- Cleveland, OhioThe city of Cleveland is the county seat of Cuyahoga County in the U. state of Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the city proper had a total population of 478,403, making it second in population in the state to Columbus, Ohio. Greater Cleveland, however, inclu
- Richmond, VirginiaRichmond is the capital of Virginia, a state (officially the Commonwealth of Virginia of the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 197,790. Like all Virginia municipalities incorporated as cities it is an inde
- Atlanta, GeorgiaThis article is about the state capital of Georgia. For other things named Atlanta, please see Atlanta (disambiguation). skyline Atlanta is the capital and largest city of the state of Georgia, a state of the United States of America. It is the county sea
- Chicago, IllinoisThis article is about the city, for other uses of the term see Chicago (disambiguation : Hog butcher for the world,Tool maker, stacker of wheat,Player with railroads and the nation's freight handler;Stormy, husky, brawling,City of the big shoulders. Carl
- Saint Louis, MissouriGateway Arch, shown here behind the Old Courthouse, is the most recognizable part of the St. Louis skyline. Apotheosis of Saint Louis a bronze statue of the city's namesake on horseback, was widely used as a symbol of the city before construction of the A
- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Kansas City, Missouri
- Dallas, Texas
- San Francisco, California
All banks chartered under the National Banking Act of 1863 were made members of the Federal Reserve System, while others could join. A Board of Governors appointed by the President of the United States supervised the system.
