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Field hockey has several regular, prestigious international tournaments for both men and women such as the Olympic Games, the quadrennial World Hockey Cups, the annual Champions Trophies, and World Cups for juniors.
Indian and Pakistani national teams have traditionally dominated men's hockey, but have become less prominent recently, with Australia, The Netherlands, and Germany the strongest since the 1980s. The Netherlands was the predominant international women's team before hockey was added to Olympic events. In the early 1990s Australia emerged as the strongest women's country, though retirement of a number of key players has weakened the team .Many countries have extensive club competitions for both junior and senior players. Despite the large numbers of participants, club hockey is not a particularly large spectator sport and few players can afford to play professionally. In the United States for instance, hockey is widely regarded as a women's sport, but there are men's leagues as well, mostly on a collegiate level.
In the countries where the winter conditions prevent from playing on the outdoor fields, field hockey is played indoor during the off-season. This indoor variant, known as Indoor field hockey differs from its outdoor parent at some levels. For example, the players may not raise the ball outside the shooting circle, nor hit it.
Field Hockey is the oldest known stick-and-ball game (perhaps apart from Irish Hurling which dates back to pre-historic times). Historical records show that games resembling modern field hockey were played in various ancient civilizations, although it is not possible to know exactly when and where the game began. While Modern hockey appears in the mid-18th century in England, primarily around schools institutions, it is not until the first half of the 19th century that hockey became firmly established, when the first club, Blackheath, is created in 1849 in Southeast LondonLondon is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England, and with over seven million inhabitants in the Greater London area, is the second-most populous conurbation in Europe (after Moscow). From being Londinium the capital of the Roman province of Bri, England.
In the early 1970s, artificial turf fields began to be used in competition. The introduction of the synthetic pitches instead of the grass ones has completely changed most aspects of hockey. The game, as well as the material used to play, has taken a definitive turn, gaining mainly in speed. In order to take into account the specificities of this surface, new tactics, new techniques have been developed and new rules have been settled, often, in order to frame, this new techniques.
For a more detailed history: see Field hockey historyThis page is about the history of the field hockey game. Origins Field Hockey is the oldest known stick-and-ball game. Historical records show that game was played in various antique civilizations, although it is not possible to know exactly when and wher
Diagram of a
Hockey field measurements were (mostly) fixed before metricationMetrication or metrification is the process of converting from the various other systems of units used throughout the world (especially the " Imperial" or " American" systems that derived from the United Kingdom), to the metric or SI (Systeme Internationa, so despite the game being played in metric-using countries, the field's dimensions are round numbers in imperial measurements and are therefore expressed as such in this article.
The game is played between two teams of eleven players on a 100 × 60 yard (91 × 55 metre) rectangular field. At each end there is a goal approximately 7 feet (2.1 metres) high and 12 feet (3.6 metres) wide, and a semi-circle 16 yards (15 metres) from the goal known as the "arc", or "shooting circle", with a dotted line 5 yards from the semi-circle, as well as lines across the field 25 yards (23 metres) from each end-line and in the center of the field. A spot, called the penalty spot, is placed 7 yards from the center of each goal.
Each player carries a "stick", normally a little over 3 feet (90 centimetres) long and traditionally made of wood but now often made with fibreglass, kevlarKevlar (also produced by the Teijin Twaron company under the trade name Twaron is a type of high strength synthetic fiber first produced by the DuPont corporation in the early 1960s, following the work of Stephanie Kwolek. It is a registered trademark of and carbon fibre compositesComposite materials (or composites for short) are engineering materials made from two or more components. One component is often a strong fibre such as fiberglass, kevlar or carbon fibre that gives the material its tensile strength, while another componen, with a rounded handle flattening out on one side and with a hook at the bottom. The flat side of the hook is used to push, dribble, or hit a hard plastic ball. Each field player normally wears a mouth and shin guards. A goalkeeper must wear complete protective gear: normally a helmet, neck guard, chest protector, gloves, super-padded shin guards (known as pads), and kickers which cover their feet and allow them to kick the ball.
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