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Home > Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

He was a son of Leopold II of Austria (1747-1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745-1792).

As the leader of a large multi-ethnic nation, Francis felt threatened by Napoleon's call for liberty and equality in Europe. He led Austria into the French Revolutionary WarsThe French Revolutionary Wars occurred between the outbreak of war between the French Revolutionary government and Austria in 1792 and the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. It is usually divided between the First Coalition (1792- 1797) and the Second Coalition ( and was defeated by Napoleon. At the Treaty of Campo FormioThe Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendemiaire, Year VI of the French Republic) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl as representatives of France and Austria. It marked the collapse of the First Coalition, the vict, he ceded the left bank of the RhineAt 1,320 km (820 miles), the Rhine River ( German Rhein French Rhin Dutch Rijn is one of the longest rivers in Europe. Its name is derived from the Celtic word renos (meaning "raging flow"). Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier to FranceThe French Republic or France ( French: Republique francaise or France is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. in exchange for VeniceVenice ( Italian Venezia German Venedig , the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto, population 271,073 (2001). The city stretches across numerous small islands in a marshy lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy. The saltwater l and DalmatiaDalmatia ( Croatian Dalmacija Italian Dalmazia Serbian ) is a region of Croatia on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, spreading between the island of Pag in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The inner Dalmatia Dalmatinska Zagora str. He again fought against France during the Second CoalitionThe name Second Coalition ( 1798 1800) designates the second major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain revolutionary France. The coalition comprised: Austria Great Britain (at war with France since 1793) Russia Turkey After Napoleon Bo, and, after meeting crushing defeat at Austerlitz, agreed to the Treaty of Lunéville, which dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, weakening Austria and decentralizing Germany.

In 1809, Francis attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of the conflict embroiling Napoleon in Spain. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor. Francis essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of France. The Napoleonic wars drastically weakened Austria and reduced its prestige, which would lead to Prussia acquiring the edge in the contest for dominance of Germany.

In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined England, Russia, and Prussia in their war against Napoleon. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.

He married four times:

• January 6, 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg ( April 21, 1767 - February 18, 1790), who died bearing a short-lived daughter, Ludovika ( 1790- 1791)
• August 15, 1790, to Maria Theresa of the Two Sicilies ( June 6, 1772 - April 13, 1807), with whom he had twelve children, including his successor Ferdinand I and the French Empress Marie-Louise
• January 6, 1808, to Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este ( December 14, 1787 - April 7, 1816) with no issue
• October 29, 1816, to Karoline Charlotte Auguste of Bavaria ( February 8, 1792 - February 9, 1873) with no issue

Names in other languages: German: Franz II/I, Czech: František I, Slovak: František I, Hungarian: I. Ferenc, Italian: Francesco II/I

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