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In organic chemistry functional groups are submolecular structural motifs, characterized by specific elemental composition and connectivity, that confer reactivity upon the molecule that contains them.
The following is a list of common functional groups. In the formulas, the symbols R and R' denote any group of atoms.
| Chemical class | Group | Formula | Prefix | Suffix |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | Hydroxyl | R−OH | hydroxy- | -ol |
| Alkanes | Methyl | R−CH3 | methyl- (similarly for higher alkyl substituents: ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.) | |
| Alkenes | Alkene | R−CH=CH−R' | convert the part substituting for alk in the name of the alkane into the alk of the word alkene: ethane/ethene, propane/propene, butane/butene, etc. | -ene |
| Alkynes | Alkyne | R−CC−R' | convert the part substituting for alk in the name of the alkane into the alk of the word alkyne: ethane/ethyne, propane/propyne, butane/butyne, etc. | -yne |
| Amide | Amide | R−C(=O)N(−H)−R' | name according to the parent amine and acid, respectively: alkyl alkanamide | |
| Amines | primary Amine | R−NH2 | amino- | -amine |
| secondary Amine | R−N(−H)−R' | amino- | -amine | |
| tertiary Amine | R−N(−R')−R | amino- | -amine | |
| Azo | Azo | R-N=N-R' | ||
| Nitrile | R−C≡N | alkyl nitrile | ||
| Pyridyl | R−C5H4N | |||
| Carboxylic acidIn chemistry, carboxylic acids (also called alkanoic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. Carboxylic acids thus have the structure : where R is a hydrogen or an organic group. In chemical formulas, this is also writte | CarboxylA carboxyl or carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom doubly bonded to each other. It is the univalent acid radical COOH : where R is a hydrogen or an organic group. Carboxyl groups are characteristic constitu | R−C(=O)OH
non-ionized R−C(=O)O− |
hydrocarboxy- | -oic acid |
| CarbonylIn chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of an atom of carbon double-bonded to an atom of oxygen. It is the functional group present in aldehydes (where it is located terminally) and ketones (internally), and forms the basis for sever | AldehydeAn aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group, or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. Where -R represents the carbon chain. Structure The aldehyde functional group is a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen at | R−C(=O)H | -al | |
| KetoneA ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. A ketone can be generally represented by the formula: :R( C O)R. A carbonyl carbon bonded to two | R−C(=O)−R' | keto- | -one | |
| Imines | primary Imine | R−C(=NH)−R' | imino- | -imine |
| secondary Imine | R−C(−H)=N−R' | imino- | -imine | |
| Ether | EtherFor ether in physics and philosophy, see Aether. For the Book of Mormon Prophet Ether see Book of Ether. Ether is the trivial name for the compound diethyl ether CHCHOCHCH; the systematic ( IUPAC) name of the compound is ethoxyethane . Alchemist Raymundus | R−O−R' | named according to the parent alcohols, respectively: alkylalkylether | |
| Ester | EsterFor the Biblical Ester, see Esther. For the town, see Ester, Alaska. In organic chemistry and biochemistry esters are substances that have the functional group Rī-COOR" (the carbon is double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single-bonded to another) and cons | R−C(=O)O−R' | named according to the parent alcohol and acid, respectively: alkyl alkanoate | |
| Halogens | HalogenThe halogens are a chemical series. They are the elements in Group 17 (old-style: VII or VIIA) of the periodic table: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The word comes from Greek roots meaning "salt" and "creator". These elements are diato | F,Cl,Br,etc. | ||
| Isocyantes | Isocyanate | R−N=C=O | alkyl isocyanate | |
| Isothiocyanate | R−N=C=S | alkyl isothiocyanate | ||
| Phenyl | Phenyl | R−C6H5 | ||
| Phosphodiester | R−OP(=O)2O−R' | |||
| Thiol | Thiol group | R−SH | -thiol | |
| Thioether | R−S−R' |
Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds.
The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each other and with the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion. And all of these are called radicals, by a meaning of the term radical that predates the free radical.
The first carbon after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon .
Functional groups Organic chemistry Organic compounds| Politics | Business | Finance |
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