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A second use of the term is the grouping of all the verbs that are conjugated similarly in a particular language into conjugations. This is the sense in which teachers say that Latin has four conjugations of verbs. This categorisation tells us that we can conjugate any regular Latin verb to any person, number, tense, mood, and voice if we know which conjugation group it belongs to and some key forms called principal parts. (Latin does not conjugate for gender or aspect.)
Conjugation is very extensive in most Indo-European languages. Here is a sample conjugation of the English verb to be and its Latin, FrenchFrench le francais la langue francaise is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered only by Spanish and Portuguese. French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother to, GermanGerman (called Deutsch in German in which germanisch refers to prechristian times), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and one of the world's major languages. It is the language with the most native speakers in the European Union., SpanishThis article is about the international language known as Spanish. For other languages spoken in Spain see Languages of Spain Spanish is an Iberian Romance language, and the third or fourth most spoken language in the world. It is spoken as a first langua, PortuguesePortuguese portugues is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. With more than 200 million native speakers, Portuguese is one of the few languages spoken in such widely-distributed parts, and SwedishSwedish svenska is a language spoken principally in Sweden, Finland finlandsvenska , Aland and in the coastland of Estonia estlandssvenska . Swedish is classified as a member of the East section of the Scandinavian languages, a sub-group of the Germanic g equivalents—esse, être, sein, ser, ser, and vara, respectively. Notice the similarities between English, German, and Swedish on the one hand and French, Spanish, Portuguese and Latin on the other; notice also that, where the infinitive is concerned, only English and Swedish are very much divergent from the rest of the major European languages, all of which lends important clues as to the philologyPhilology is the study of ancient texts and languages. The term originally meant a love ( Greek philo of learning and literature (Greek logia . Philology was one of the 19th century's first scientific approaches to human language but gave way to the moder of English.
| Form / Person | English | Latin | French | German | Spanish | Portuguese | Swedish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | to be | esse | être | sein | ser | ser | vara |
| 1st singular | I am | (ego) sum | je suis | ich bin | yo soy | eu sou | jag är |
| 2nd singular | you are | (tu) es | tu es | du bist | tu eres | tu és | du är |
| 3rd singular | he, she, or it is | (is/ea/id) est | il / elle est | er / sie / es ist | él / ella / usted es | ele / ela / voçê é | han / hon / den är |
| 1st plural | we are | (nos) sumus | nous sommes | wir sind | nosotros / nosotras somos | nós somos | vi är |
| 2nd plural | you are | (vos) estis | vous êtes | ihr seid | vosotros / vosotras sois | vós sóis | ni är |
| 3rd plural | they are | (ei/eae/ea) sunt | ils / elles sont | sie sind | ellos / ellas ustedes son | eles / elas / voçês são | de är |