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In linguistics, grammatical conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from the word root by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice, grammatical aspect, or other language-specific factors. When a verb is used to function as the action done by a subject, the verb must be conjugated in most languages. Usually a mostly unconjugated form also exists, called the infinitive. A table giving all the conjugated variants of a verb in a grammar of some language is called a conjugation table.

A second use of the term is the grouping of all the verbs that are conjugated similarly in a particular language into conjugations. This is the sense in which teachers say that Latin has four conjugations of verbs. This categorisation tells us that we can conjugate any regular Latin verb to any person, number, tense, mood, and voice if we know which conjugation group it belongs to and some key forms called principal parts. (Latin does not conjugate for gender or aspect.)

1 Examples of conjugation

Conjugation is very extensive in most Indo-European languages. Here is a sample conjugation of the English verb to be and its Latin, FrenchFrench le francais la langue francaise is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered only by Spanish and Portuguese. French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother to, GermanGerman (called Deutsch in German in which germanisch refers to prechristian times), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and one of the world's major languages. It is the language with the most native speakers in the European Union., SpanishThis article is about the international language known as Spanish. For other languages spoken in Spain see Languages of Spain Spanish is an Iberian Romance language, and the third or fourth most spoken language in the world. It is spoken as a first langua, PortuguesePortuguese portugues is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. With more than 200 million native speakers, Portuguese is one of the few languages spoken in such widely-distributed parts, and SwedishSwedish svenska is a language spoken principally in Sweden, Finland finlandsvenska , Aland and in the coastland of Estonia estlandssvenska . Swedish is classified as a member of the East section of the Scandinavian languages, a sub-group of the Germanic g equivalents—esse, être, sein, ser, ser, and vara, respectively. Notice the similarities between English, German, and Swedish on the one hand and French, Spanish, Portuguese and Latin on the other; notice also that, where the infinitive is concerned, only English and Swedish are very much divergent from the rest of the major European languages, all of which lends important clues as to the philologyPhilology is the study of ancient texts and languages. The term originally meant a love ( Greek philo of learning and literature (Greek logia . Philology was one of the 19th century's first scientific approaches to human language but gave way to the moder of English.


To be in several Indo-European languages. Except for the infinitive, which is in the present active form, all the verbs listed are in the present indicative active. The appropriate pronounIn linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a word that usually takes the place of a noun previously mentioned, such as "I", "me", "she", "it", and so on. Pronouns are one of the basic parts of speech, along with nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. A pron is included in most of the examples.
Form / Person English Latin French German Spanish Portuguese Swedish
infinitive to be esse être sein ser ser vara
1st singular I am (ego) sum je suis ich bin yo soy eu sou jag är
2nd singular you are (tu) es tu es du bist tu eres tu és du är
3rd singular he, she, or it is (is/ea/id) est il / elle est er / sie / es ist él / ella / usted es ele / ela / voçê é han / hon / den är
1st plural we are (nos) sumus nous sommes wir sind nosotros / nosotras somos nós somos vi är
2nd plural you are (vos) estis vous êtes ihr seid vosotros / vosotras sois vós sóis ni är
3rd plural they are (ei/eae/ea) sunt ils / elles sont sie sind ellos / ellas ustedes son eles / elas / voçês são de är






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