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This article is part of the Czech history series. |
| Samo's realm |
| Great Moravia |
Great Moravia ( Latin Moravia Magna) was a Slav state existing on the territory of present-day Moravia and Slovakia between 833 and the early 10th century. The first use of the designation "Great Moravia" stems from Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos in his work De Administrando Imperio (around 950 A.D.). "Moravia" did not refer (only) to present-day Moravia, but to the country on both sides of the Morava river, and/or to a country whose (currently unknown) capital was called Morava. "Great" refers to Moravia plus the annexed territories.
A kind of predecessor of Great Moravia was the Empire of King Samo around 623– 658 in Moravia, Slovakia, Lower Austria (probably also BohemiaBohemia Cechy in Czech, Bohmen in German) is an historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. With an area of 52,750 sq. 25 million of the country's 10. 3 million inabitants, Bohemia is bounded by Germ, Sorbia at the ElbeThe Elbe River ( Czech Labe Sorbian/Lusatian Lobjo Polish Laba is one of the major waterways of central Europe. It originates in the North West Czech Republic before traversing much of Germany and finally emptying into the North Sea. Geography Elbe rises, and temporarily in CarinthiaKarantania with Carniola around 597 Karantania sometimes Carantania Carentania Carinthia (in old Slovenian onomastics Korotan , or Karantanija was the first stable and independent state of Slovenians and of Slavs. Founded in the 6th century it lasted almo), which at first probably had not been a true stateThis article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a political entity possessing sovereignty, i. not being subject to any higher polit, but only a tribal union .
The development between 659Events Ealdormen in Mercia proclaim Wulfhere king, and throw off Northumbrian rule. Births Deaths March 17 Saint Gertrude of Nivelles, abbess 659. and late 8th century7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. Sometime this century, Beowulf is proba is largely unclear.
In the late 8th century7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. Sometime this century, Beowulf is proba, the Moravian basin and western Slovakia, situated at the Frankish border, began to flourish. In 791 or 795, the Slavs above the Danube overthrow the Avar yoke (see Samo) in conenction with a war between the Franks ( Charlemagne) and the Avars. Centralisation of power and progress in creation of state structures by the Slavs of this region followed.
As a result, two important states (principalities) emerged in this territory: the Moravian principality originally in present-day southeastern Moravia and westernmost Slovakia (led by Prince Mojmír I , probable center: Mikulcice) and the Nitrian Principality (Principality of Nitra) originally in present-day western, central and northern eastern Slovakia (led by prince Pribina , center: Nitra).
What the historians and Porfyrogenet designate as "Great" Moravia arose in 833 from Mojmír's conquest of the Nitrian Principality. The empire came under the rule of the Princes Mojmír I ( 833– 846), Rastislav (846– 870), Svatopluk ( 871– 894) and Mojmír II (894–?), who built a great empire. Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor to send people who could interpret the teaching of Christ in the Slavic vernacular. Two of the interpreters, Cyril and Methodius, laid the foundation of the Slavonic script, and thus of Slavonic literature (see e.g. Glagolitic alphabet).
The territory of Great Moravia was as follows:
After Svatopluk's death in 894, his 2 sons fall out with each other, thus weakening the empire. Invading Magyars ( Hungarians), coming from Asia, destroyed the empire around 907 (However, there are historic references to Great Moravia from later years (e.g. 924/ 5, 942)).
Great Moravia was a state of the predecessors of present-day Moravians and Slovaks. The western part of the core (present-day Moravia) was annexed by Bohemia in 955 (very disputed), in 999 it was taken over by Poland under Boleslaus I of Poland and in 1019 it finally became part of Bohemia. Its population was incorporated in the 19th century. As for the eastern part of the core (present-day Slovakia) its southern parts were conquered by the Hungarians definitively in the 920s (western Slovakia maybe sharing the fate of Moravia from 955 to 999), in 1000 or 1001 all of Slovakia was taken over by Poland under Boleslaus I, and in 1030 the southern half of Slovakia was again taken over by Hungary (the remainder of Slovakia was taken over by the Hungarians from the end of the 11th century till the 14th century). The population of this territory developed into present-day Slovaks in the 10th century.
The inhabitants of the core of the state were designated "Sloviene", which is an old Slavic word meaning "Slavs", which was also used by (future) Slovenians and Slavonians at that time, or "Moravian peoples" by Slavic texts, and as "Sclavi" (i.e. Slavs), "Winidi" (i.e. Slavs), "Moravian Slavs" or "Moravians" by Latin texts. The present-day terms " Slovaks" / " Slovakia" (in Slovak: Slováci / Slovensko) and " Slovenes" / " Slovenia" (in Slovene: Slovenci / Slovenija) arose later from the above "Slovieni".
As for the history of Bohemia — annexed by Great Moravia for five to seven years (from 888/ 890 to 895) — the important year being 895, when the Bohemians broke away from the empire and became Frankish vassals (vassals of Arnulf of Carinthia) and gradually an independent Bohemia, ruled by descendants of Premysl, began to emerge.
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